Complications of diabetes mellitus include vascular lesions, nervous system, urinary system, development of coma, etc.
The following symptoms will allow you to suspect vascular damage in diabetes:
- Visual impairment.
- Formation of ulcers on the lower extremities.
- High blood pressure.
- Pain in the legs when walking.
- Chest pain and other symptoms.
A dangerous complication that occurs in diabetes mellitus is vascular damage. Diabetic angiopathy occurs in the form of macro- and microvascular disorders. Microvascular complications include retinopathy, nephropathy and angiopathy of the lower extremities of diabetic origin. Macrovascular complications - aortitis, arteriosclerosis of coronary, cerebral vessels, atherosclerosis of peripheral vessels.
Diabetic retinopathy is a lesion of the retinal vessels, characteristic of both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy can manifest itself not only with blurred vision, but also with retinal and vitreous hemorrhages.
Damage to the retinal vessels in diabetes mellitus can occur in 2 forms - background or proliferative retinopathy. For background retinopathy, small hemorrhages are characteristic, metabolic products are deposited in the retina, and retinal edema develops. Background retinopathy develops more often in old age and leads to a sluggish decrease in vision.
Proliferative retinopathy develops due to a violation of the blood supply to the retina. Retinal detachment is common. It is observed mainly at a young age.
It was found that at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 21% of patients already suffer from retinopathy. The diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy is made on the basis of examination of the fundus of the ophthalmologist, assessment of the visual fields, intraocular pressure, scanning of the internal structures of the eye.
Diabetic neuropathy is damage to various parts of the nervous system associated with diabetes mellitus. There is a classification into symmetric generalized polyneuropathy and focal (polyfocal) mononeuropathy. Further progression of diabetic neuropathy leads to the development of trophic ulcers and the formation of a "diabetic foot". The presence of diabetic neuropathy can be suspected with pain in the legs of a burning character, especially at night, discomfort (paresthesia), decreased pain, temperature and tactile sensitivity. The skin becomes dry, the temperature of the affected part of the body decreases or rises. This type of neuropathy develops most often in type 2 diabetes mellitus, in elderly patients. Central diabetic neuropathy includes the development of encephalopathy and myelopathy.
An equally common complication of diabetes mellitus is kidney damage - diabetic nephropathy. The mechanism of development of diabetic nephropathy is associated with damage to the renal vessels. In conditions of hyperglycemia and hypertension, the kidneys lose the ability to perform their physiological functions - filtration and concentration of urine. This is the most common cause of disability and mortality among the contingent of patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy develops in 5 stages:
1. At the onset of the disease, the stage of renal hyperfunction. An increase in glomerular filtration rate is observed, renal blood flow increases, renal parenchyma is hypertrophied. No protein is detected in the urine.
2. After 2-5 years from the onset of the disease, the initial structural changes in the renal tissue occur. The second stage is characterized by a thickening of the basement membrane, expansion of the mesangium, the level of protein in the urine is still not hung.
3. The third stage is formed in 5-15 years, an increase in blood pressure and microalbuminuria are detected.
4. Severe nephropathy (stage 4) develops in 10-25 years, pronounced proteinuria is found, the glomerular filtration rate is moderately reduced.
5. Uremia develops 5-7 years after the onset of proteinuria. The glomerular filtration rate is less than 10 ml / min, symptoms of intoxication and arterial hypertension are expressed.
Diabetic nephropathy is dangerous in that it may not show any clinical signs until the terminal stage. For the timely diagnosis of this complication, it is necessary to take a urinalysis in a timely manner, where the main role is played by the detection of albuminuria, the determination of the level of urea and creatinine. It was found that 20% of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy (Kimmelstil-Wilson syndrome) within 20 years. In 50% of patients, the course of the disease is complicated by chronic renal failure.
Diabetic foot is a diabetes mellitus syndrome caused by angio- and neuropathic mechanisms. The first stage of development of a diabetic foot includes superficial ulcers on the plantar surface of the foot, with callosities, under which the ulcerative surface is opened.
A deep ulcerative defect with the addition of an infection, which does not reach the bone tissue, develops with the 2nd degree of development of a diabetic foot. Further progression with bone involvement, the development of osteomyelitis leads to grade 3. Then limited gangrene develops (grade 4), and extensive gangrene (grade 5 diabetic foot).
Diabetic foot syndrome manifests itself in a neuropathic or ischemic form. The neuropathic variant is characterized by a pink color of the skin, a sharply reduced pulsation, the presence of cracks, painless ulcers, calluses, with the development of gangrene of the fingers and Charcot's joints. Hyperkeratosis of nails and neuropathic edema of the foot join.
The ischemic form is accompanied by pallor of the skin of the foot, the integument is cold to the touch, and there is also no pulsation. Painful ulcers and gangrene of the fingers occur.

Blood sugar 10, what does it mean? This indicator indicates an increased level of glucose dissolved in the blood. There are many ways that you can lower the indicator. To find out your blood sugar level, you should donate blood for a test early in the morning before or after a meal. Older people should do this analysis about 3 times a year. When diabetes is detected, a home device is used to measure the indicator on a daily basis: it is convenient and inexpensive.

Increased sugar

Elevated plasma sugar is called hyperglycemia. An increased indicator may be the norm, but it will be just an adaptive action of the body to restore energy metabolism.

Glucose consumption increases:

fear;

arousal;

severe pain.

Diseases of the endocrine system with an increase in glucose provoke an increase in the release of sugar into the internal environment of the body, which it does not have time to process into energy.

With hyperglycemia, metabolism is impaired, therefore:

1. The functioning of the immune system is reduced.
2. There are abscesses and dysfunctions of the genitals, innervation.
3. Usually the consequences are expressed in the defeat of the pancreas and the presence of sugar in the urine.
4. Also, high sugar can cause metabolic disturbances and the release of toxic metabolic products, which will negatively affect the body.

Mild hyperglycemia has almost no negative effect on the body, but if the sugar is very high, then the person suffers from thirst and drinks a lot of fluids, as a result of which there is a frequent urge to urinate. In this case, the body removes sugar along with urine, and the mucous membranes become too dry.

At an extreme degree of the disease appear:

1. Nausea with vomiting.
2. Drowsiness.
3. General weakness.
4. Sometimes loss of consciousness occurs, which is a sign of hyperglycemic coma, which in some cases ends in death.

Blood for research must be taken on an empty stomach. When the indicator rises above 5.5 mmol / l, the doctor diagnoses hyperglycemia.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• thirst;
• dry mouth;
• frequent urination;
• dry skin;
• vision as in a fog;
• a state of constant fatigue and drowsiness;
• losing weight for no apparent reason;
• poor wound regeneration;
• tingling in the legs;
• diseases of an infectious and fungal nature that do not respond well to therapy;
• rapid breathing;
• the smell of acetone from the mouth;
• emotional instability.

How to determine the indicator, what is the norm in a person's blood?

To determine your glucose level, you need to take a fasting blood test.

This method has certain disadvantages:

1. With the help of such a study, you can determine the glucose level only at the moment. Rates may vary from week to week.
2. The road to the clinic, especially on foot, can cause a decrease in the indicator. This is because fresh air lowers blood sugar. The water drunk in the morning before leaving the house has the same effect: it dilutes the sugar.
3. The indicator may have been increased for a long time, but casual physical activity may lower it, and the result of the study will turn out to be incorrect.

The norm of sugar in a healthy person is in the range from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l. An increase in sugar occurs when glucose obtained from food is not completely absorbed. Also, diabetes can be insulin-dependent, that is, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (type 1). The second type is characterized by the malfunctioning of insulin.

A sufficiently long increase in the indicator leads to serious complications. One of them is blood thickening due to excess glucose. This makes it difficult for blood to pass through the capillaries and can lead to thrombosis.

A sick person has a fairly large range of indicators: from 4 to 10 mmol / l. It is rarely possible to approach the normal indicator, but the above boundaries are a kind of norm for diabetics. With such limits, a person will be able to protect himself from various complications for about 10 years. To constantly monitor your blood sugar level, you need to buy a glucometer and take measurements daily.

To reduce the indicator, you should combine several methods. First of all, you must strictly follow all the doctor's prescriptions and build your own diet correctly. A properly composed daily diet can lower blood sugar levels and keep them in this state for a long time.

Diet

What to do if glucose is high? High glucose is a reason to see a qualified doctor. Sometimes diabetes is not accompanied by specific symptoms, but it is still better to get specific recommendations. It is especially important to adjust your diet to reduce carbohydrate processing.

An overweight person requires a low-calorie diet that includes many foods that contain vitamins, minerals and other important trace elements. The daily menu implies the intake of both proteins and fats with carbohydrates. Carbohydrates eaten must be broken down slowly. In the table of the glycemic index, such carbohydrates should be in the last positions.

When compiling a healthy diet, it is necessary to pay great attention to the frequency of meals and their portions:

1. The food supply should be large enough in total throughout the day, but it should be supplied in small portions.
2. Breaks between meals should be taken for about three hours.
3. It is best to have about 6 meals a day: snacks and main meals. This means that you can not indulge in snacks, chips, fast food and soda.
4. It is very healthy to eat fruit.

The amount of calories consumed will depend on the constitution of the person and the degree of his physical activity. The diet should include the use of vegetables, protein foods and fruits. It is also important to drink enough fluids to lower blood sugar levels.

With high sugar, you must abandon the following foods:

• pure sugar;
• carbonated drinks;
• flour and other confectionery products;
• fatty;
• smoked;
• alcohol;
• grapes with figs and raisins;
• butter and sour cream with cream.

V mandatory you need to eat boiled and stewed, baked and steamed. Moreover, in ready meals there should be a minimum amount of salt and vegetable fats. You need to eat 2 hours before bedtime. It is recommended to drink water and tea, black coffee without sugar and herbal infusions with fresh pomace juices.

First of all, if you find high sugar, you should visit a specialist. He will help you adjust your diet, prescribe all the necessary studies and tell you how to avoid this in the future. At the same time, it is important to monitor your glucose level yourself at home so as not to provoke unpleasant complications that can interfere with your daily life.

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Diabetes- one of the most common, with a tendency to an increase in the incidence and spoiling the statistics of diseases. Symptoms of diabetes do not appear in one day, the process proceeds chronically, with an increase and aggravation of endocrine-metabolic disorders. True, the onset of type I diabetes differs significantly from early stage second.

Among all endocrine pathology, diabetes confidently holds the lead and accounts for more than 60% of all cases. In addition, disappointing statistics show that 1/10 of the "diabetics" are children.

The likelihood of acquiring the disease increases with age and, thus, the size of the group doubles every ten years. This is due to an increase in life expectancy, improved methods of early diagnosis, a decrease in physical activity and an increase in the number of people who are overweight.

Types of diabetes

Many have heard of a disease such as diabetes insipidus. In order for the reader not to confuse the diseases with the name "diabetes" later, it will probably be useful to explain their differences.

Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus is an endocrine disease that occurs as a result of neuroinfections, inflammatory diseases, tumors, intoxications and is caused by a deficiency and sometimes complete disappearance of ADH-vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).

This explains the clinical picture of the disease:

• Constant dryness of the oral mucosa, incredible thirst (a person can drink up to 50 liters of water in 24 hours, stretching the stomach to a large size);
• Excretion of a huge amount of unconcentrated light urine with a low specific gravity (1000-1003);
• Catastrophic weight loss, weakness, decreased physical activity, disorders of the digestive system;
• A characteristic change in the skin ("parchment" skin);
• Atrophy of muscle fibers, muscle weakness;
• Development of dehydration syndrome in the absence of fluid intake for more than 4 hours.

The disease in terms of complete cure has an unfavorable prognosis, performance is significantly reduced.

Brief Anatomy and Physiology

Unpaired organ - the pancreas performs a mixed secretory function. Its exogenous part carries out external secretion, producing enzymes involved in the digestion process. The endocrine part, which is entrusted with the mission of internal secretion, is engaged in the production of various hormones, including - insulin and glucagon. They are key in keeping the sugar in the human body constant.

The endocrine gland is represented by the islets of Langerhans, consisting of:

1. A cells, which occupy a quarter of the entire space of the islets and are considered the site of glucagon production;
2. B cells, which occupy up to 60% of the cell population, synthesize and accumulate insulin, the molecule of which is a two-chain polypeptide carrying 51 amino acids in a specific sequence. The sequence of amino acid residues for each representative of the fauna is different, however, with regard to the structural structure of insulins, pigs are most closely related to humans, which is why their pancreas is primarily used for the production of insulin on an industrial scale;
3. D cells producing somatostatin;
4. Cells that produce other polypeptides.

Thus, the conclusion suggests itself: damage to the pancreas and islets of Langerhans, in particular, is the main mechanism that inhibits the production of insulin and triggers the development of the pathological process.

Types and special forms of the disease

Lack of insulin leads to a violation of the constancy of sugar (3.3 - 5.5 mmol / l) and contributes to the formation of a heterogeneous disease called diabetes mellitus (DM):

• The complete absence of insulin (absolute deficiency) forms insulin dependent pathological process, which is attributed to type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM);
• Lack of insulin (relative deficiency), triggering in the initial stage a violation of carbohydrate metabolism, slowly but surely leads to the development insulin-independent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which is called type II diabetes mellitus.

Due to the violation in the body of glucose utilization, and, consequently, its increase in the blood serum (hyperglycemia), which, in principle, is a manifestation of the disease, signs of diabetes mellitus begin to appear over time, that is, a total disorder of metabolic processes at all levels. Significant changes in the hormonal-metabolic interaction ultimately involve all functional systems of the human body in the pathological process, which once again indicates the systemic nature of the disease. How quickly the disease will develop depends on the degree of insulin deficiency, which, as a result, determines the types of diabetes.

In addition to diabetes of the first and second types, there are special types of this disease:

1. Secondary diabetes resulting from acute and chronic inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), malignant neoplasms in the parenchyma of the gland, cirrhosis of the liver. A number of endocrine disorders accompanied by excessive production of insulin antagonists (acromegaly, Cushing's disease, pheochromocytoma, thyroid disease) lead to the development of secondary diabetes mellitus. Many medications, used for a long time: diuretics, some antihypertensive drugs and hormones, oral contraceptives, etc.;
2. Diabetes in pregnant women (gestational), due to a kind of mutual influence of the hormones of the mother, child and placenta. The fetal pancreas, which produces its own insulin, begins to inhibit the production of insulin by the maternal gland, as a result of which this special form is formed during pregnancy. However, with proper management, gestational diabetes usually resolves after delivery. Subsequently, in some cases (up to 40%) in women with a similar pregnancy history, given fact may threaten the development of type II diabetes mellitus (within 6-8 years).

Why does "sweet" disease occur?

"Sweet" disease forms a rather "motley" group of patients, so it becomes obvious that IDDM and its non-insulin dependent "brother" genetically occurred differently. There is evidence that insulin-dependent diabetes is associated with the genetic structures of the HLA (major histocompatibility complex) system, in particular, with some genes of the D-region loci. For INZSD, such a relationship was not noticed.

For the development of type I diabetes mellitus, one genetic predisposition is not enough, the pathogenetic mechanism is triggered by provoking factors:

• Congenital inferiority of the islets of Langerhans;
• Unfavorable influence of the external environment;
• Stress, nervous stress;
• Traumatic brain injury;
• Pregnancy;
• Infectious processes of viral origin (flu, "mumps", cytomegalovirus infection, Coxsackie);
• A tendency to constantly overeat, leading to excess body fat;
• Abuse of confectionery (those with a sweet tooth are at greater risk).

Before elucidating the causes of type II diabetes mellitus, it would be advisable to dwell on a very controversial issue: who suffers more often - men or women?

It has been established that at present the disease in the territory Russian Federation more often it is formed in women, although even in the 19th century, diabetes was a “privilege” of the male sex. By the way, now in some countries of Southeast Asia the presence of this disease in men is considered predominant.

The predisposing conditions for the development of type II diabetes mellitus include:

• Changes in the structural structure of the pancreas as a result of inflammatory processes, as well as the appearance of cysts, tumors, hemorrhages;
• Age after 40 years;
• Being overweight (the most important risk factor for NIDDM!);
• Vascular diseases caused by atherosclerotic process and arterial hypertension;
• In women, pregnancy and childbirth with a high body weight (over 4 kg);
• The presence of relatives with diabetes;
• Strong psycho-emotional stress (hyperstimulation of the adrenal glands).

The causes of the onset of the disease of different types of diabetes in some cases coincide (stress, obesity, the influence of external factors), but the onset of the process in diabetes of the first and second types is different, moreover, IDDM is the lot of children and young people, and the non-insulin dependent prefers older people.

Why is it so thirsty?

The characteristic symptoms of diabetes mellitus, regardless of the form and type, can be presented as follows:

Thus, the general signs of diabetes can be characteristic for any form of the disease, however, in order not to confuse the reader, it is nevertheless necessary to note the features inherent in this or that type.

Type I diabetes mellitus - the "privilege" of young people

IDDM is characterized by an acute (weeks or months) onset. Signs of type I diabetes mellitus are pronounced and are manifested by clinical symptoms typical of this disease:

• A sharp drop in weight;
• Unnatural thirst, a person simply cannot get drunk, although he tries to do it (polydipsia);
• A large amount of urine excreted (polyuria);
• A significant excess of the concentration of glucose and ketone bodies in the blood serum (ketoacidosis). In the initial stage, when the patient may not yet know about his problems, it is likely that a diabetic (ketoacidotic, hyperglycemic) coma will develop - a condition that is extremely life-threatening, therefore insulin therapy is prescribed as early as possible (as soon as diabetes is suspected).

In most cases, after the use of insulin, metabolic processes are compensated, the body's need for insulin drops sharply, and a temporary "recovery" occurs. However, this short-term state of remission should not relax either the patient or the doctor, since after a certain period of time the disease will again remind of itself. The need for insulin as the duration of the disease increases, it may increase, but, basically, in the absence of ketoacidosis, it will not exceed 0.8-1.0 U / kg.

Signs indicating the development of late complications of diabetes (retinopathy, nephropathy) may appear in 5-10 years. The main causes of death from IDDM include:

1. Terminal renal failure, which is a consequence of diabetic glomerulosclerosis;
2. Cardiovascular disorders, as complications of the underlying disease, which occur somewhat less frequently than renal.

Disease or age-related changes? (type II diabetes)

INZSD develops over many months and even years. Any problems that arise, the person brings to various specialists (dermatologist, gynecologist, neurologist ...). The patient does not even suspect that diseases are different in his opinion: furunculosis, itching, fungal lesions, pain in the lower extremities - signs of type II diabetes mellitus. Often, INZSD is detected by pure chance (annual medical examination) or due to violations that the patients themselves attribute to age-related changes: “vision has fallen”, “something is wrong with the kidneys”, “legs do not obey at all” .... Patients get used to their condition, and diabetes mellitus continues to develop slowly, affecting all systems, and first of all - blood vessels, until the person "falls" from a stroke or heart attack.

NIDDM is characterized by a stable, slow course, as a rule, without showing a tendency to ketoacidosis.

Treatment for type 2 diabetes usually begins with a diet that restricts digestible (refined) carbohydrates and uses (if necessary) sugar-lowering drugs. Insulin is prescribed if the development of the disease has reached the stage of severe complications or there is an immunity to oral medications.

The main cause of death in patients with NIDDM is considered to be cardiovascular pathology resulting from diabetes. As a rule, it is or.

Video: 3 early signs of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus treatment

The basis of treatment measures aimed at compensating for diabetes mellitus is represented by three main principles:

• Compensation for the lack of insulin;
• Regulation of endocrine-metabolic disorders;
• Prevention of diabetes mellitus, its complications and their timely treatment.

The implementation of these principles is carried out on the basis of 5 main positions:

1. Diabetes mellitus nutrition is assigned to the “first violin” part;
2. An adequate and individually tailored exercise system follows the diet;
3. Sugar-lowering drugs are mainly used to treat type 2 diabetes;
4. Insulin therapy is prescribed as needed for NIDDM, but is essential for type 1 diabetes;
5. Patient education for self-monitoring (finger drawing skills, glucometer use, unaided insulin administration).

The laboratory control over these positions indicates the degree of compensation after carrying out the following:

Indicators	Good compensation	Satisfactory	Bad
Fasting glucose (mmol / L)	4,4 – 6,1	6,2 – 7,8	Ø 7.8
Serum sugar content 2 hours after a meal (mmol / l)	5,5 – 8,0	8,1-10,0	Ø 10.0
Percentage of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1,%)		8,0 – 9,5	Ø 10.0
Serum total cholesterol (mmol / L)		5,2 – 6,5	Ø 6.5
Triglyceride level (mmol / L)		1,7 – 2,2	Ø 2.2

The important role of diet in treating NIDDM

Nutrition for diabetes mellitus is a very well-known, even people far from diabetes mellitus, table number 9. Being in a hospital for any disease, every now and then you can hear about special food, which is always in separate saucepans, differs from other diets and is issued after a certain password has been pronounced: "I have the ninth table." What does all this mean? How is this mysterious diet different from all the others?

One should not be mistaken, looking after a diabetic who is taking away his "porridge", that they are deprived of all the joys of life. The diet for diabetes is not so different from the diet of healthy people, patients get the right amount of carbohydrates (60%), fats (24%), proteins (16%).

Nutrition for diabetes mellitus consists in replacing refined sugars in foods with slowly digestible carbohydrates. Shop-for-all sugar and sugar-based confectionery are considered prohibited foods. Meanwhile, the trading network, in addition to diabetic bread, which we often stumble upon when choosing bakery products, provides such people with sweeteners (fructose), sweets, cookies, waffles and many other sweets that contribute to the production of "happiness hormones" (endorphins).

As for the nutritional balance, everything is strict here: a diabetic must necessarily consume the required amount of vitamins and pectins, which must be at least 40 grams. per day.

Video: a doctor about diabetes nutrition

Strictly individual physical activity

Physical activity for each patient is selected individually by the attending physician, taking into account the following positions:

• Age;
• Diabetes symptoms;
• The severity of the pathological process;
• The presence or absence of complications.

The physical activity prescribed by the doctor and performed by the "ward" should promote the "burning" of carbohydrates and fats, without involving insulin. Its dose, which is necessary to compensate for metabolic disturbances, falls noticeably, which should not be forgotten, because, while preventing an increase, you can get an undesirable effect. Adequate physical activity lowers glucose, the injected dose of insulin breaks down the remaining one, and as a result, the sugar level drops below acceptable values(hypoglycemia).

In this way, the dosage of insulin and physical activity requires very close attention and careful calculation, in order to complement each other, together not to step over the lower limit of normal laboratory parameters.

Video: a complex of gymnastics for diabetes

Or try folk remedies?

Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is often accompanied by the patient's search for folk remedies that can slow down the process and delay the time of taking dosage forms as far as possible. You can understand a person, because no one wants to feel inferior, dooming themselves to dependence on pills or (even worse) from constant injections of insulin.

Despite the fact that our distant ancestors practically did not know about such a disease, folk remedies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus exist, but it should not be forgotten that infusions and decoctions made from various plants are an auxiliary agent. Taking home diabetes medications does not relieve the patient of diet, blood sugar control, doctor visits, and all of his recommendations.

To combat this pathology at home, fairly well-known folk remedies are used:

1. White mulberry bark and leaves;
2. Oat grains and husks;
3. Walnut partitions;
4. Bay leaf;
5. Cinnamon;
6. Acorns;
7. Nettle;
8. Dandelion.

When diet and folk remedies no longer help ...

The so-called first generation drugs, widely known at the end of the last century (bukarban, oranil, butamide, etc.), remained in memories, and they were replaced by new generation drugs (dionyl, maninil, minidiab, glurenorm), which make up 3 main groups diabetes medications produced by the pharmaceutical industry.

What remedy is suitable for this or that patient - the endocrinologist decides, because representatives of each group, in addition to the main indication - diabetes mellitus, have a lot of contraindications and side effects... And so that patients do not self-medicate and do not decide to use these drugs for diabetes at their own discretion, we will give several illustrative examples.

Sulfonylurea derivatives

Currently, second-generation sulfonylurea derivatives are prescribed, acting from 10 hours to a day. Usually, patients take them 2 times a day, half an hour before meals.

These drugs are absolutely contraindicated in the following cases:

In addition, the use of drugs in this group may threaten the development of allergic reactions, manifested by:

1. Itchy skin and urticaria, sometimes reaching Quincke's edema;
2. Disorders of the digestive system;
3. Changes in the blood (a decrease in the level of platelets and leukocytes);
4. Possible impairment of the functional abilities of the liver (jaundice due to cholestasis).

The biguanide family of antiperspirants

Biguanides (guanidine derivatives) are actively used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, often adding sulfonamides to them. They are very rational for use by obese patients, however, for people with liver, kidney and cardiovascular pathology, their purpose is sharply limited, switching to more sparing drugs of the same group such as metformin BMS or α-glucoside inhibitors (glucobay), which inhibit absorption carbohydrates in the small intestine.

The use of guanidine derivatives is very limited in other cases, which is associated with some of their "harmful" abilities (accumulation of lactate in tissues, leading to lactic acidosis).

Absolute contraindications to the use of biguanines are:

• IDDM (type 1 diabetes mellitus);
• Significant weight loss;
• Infectious processes, regardless of localization;
• Surgical interventions;
• Pregnancy, childbirth, lactation period;
• Coma;
• Hepatic and renal pathology;
• Oxygen starvation;
• (2-4 degrees) with impaired vision and renal function;
• and necrotic processes;
• Violation of blood circulation in the lower extremities due to various vascular pathologies.

Insulin treatment

From the above, it becomes obvious that the use of insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes, all emergency conditions and severe complications of diabetes mellitus. NIDDM requires the appointment of this therapy only in cases of insulin-requiring forms, when correction by other means does not give the desired effect.

Modern insulins, called monocompetent insulins, are of two groups:

1. Monocompetent pharmacological forms human insulin substance (semi-synthetic or DNA-recombinant), which undoubtedly have a significant advantage over porcine preparations. They practically have no contraindications and side effects;
2. Monocompetent insulins derived from porcine pancreas. These drugs require an increase in dose compared to human insulins. medicinal product by about 15%.

Diabetes is dangerous with complications

Due to the fact that diabetes is accompanied by damage to many organs and tissues, its manifestations can be found in almost all body systems. Complications of diabetes mellitus are:

Prophylaxis

Measures for the prevention of diabetes mellitus are based on the causes of it. In this case, it is advisable to talk about the prevention of atherosclerosis, including the fight against excess weight, bad habits and eating habits.

Prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus is to prevent the development of pathological conditions arising from diabetes itself. Correction of glucose in blood serum, adherence to a diet, adequate physical activity, following a doctor's recommendation will help to postpone the consequences of this rather formidable disease.

Video: TV program about diabetes

Video: lecture on diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease that changes a person's entire life. And it is very important to recognize this disease in time in order to avoid the development of complications. The signs of diabetes mellitus, or rather their knowledge, will help us with this.

Most diabetics suffer from type 2 diabetes, when the pancreas produces too much insulin, and since the body develops resistance to it, the pancreas cannot produce as much insulin as is necessary to maintain normal levels. sugar in the blood.

And at this stage, the body gives the first signals that are important not to miss:

1 The amount of urination increases sharply, since the kidneys are not able to absorb large amounts of glucose and it is simply excreted in the urine.

2 Constant thirst. To remove excess glucose from urine, you need liquid, so you want to drink more and more.

3 Fatigue appears.

Insulin collects glucose, which the body uses for energy, and with low insulin, energy is not enough, so you get tired.

4 Constant hunger is another symptom. To obtain energy, the body requires carbohydrates, that is, sugar, and in diabetics, the body cannot process carbohydrates.

5 Blurred vision may appear, since excess blood glucose causes fluid to drain from the eyes, which changes their shape and prevents the lenses from focusing.

6 Extremely slow skin healing is characteristic of diabetics.

The fact is that blood filled with glucose is poor in oxygen, which can lead to nerve damage. This means cuts and scrapes are harder and longer to heal.

7 Poor circulation of oxygen in the blood also leads to the fact that a person begins to feel tingling and numbness in the arms and legs, and a burning sensation may occur.

8 High level insulin, caused by the body's resistance to its effects, can cause rapid cell reproduction, which leads to darkening of the skin. This darkening can usually be seen around the neck and underarms.

9 The body of diabetics has a reduced ability to fight infections, so patients are susceptible to de-sen diseases. Inflamed swollen gums are another unpleasant symptom.

10 Last but not least, diabetics are prone to persistent yeast infections, and their warm and moist skin is an ideal breeding ground for fungi.

When blood sugar is 10 units, then in medical practice this value is considered a threshold value. If there is an increase in indicators above 10 mmol / l, then the patient's kidneys are not able to cope with such a load. As a result, there is an accumulation of sugar in urine (normally this should not be).

Due to the fact that cells cannot perceive glucose, the diabetic's body cannot receive the necessary energy supply, as a result of which it “gains energy” from fat deposits.

In turn, ketone bodies are those substances that are formed as a result of the breakdown of adipose tissue. When glucose stops at 10 mmol / L, the kidneys work with a double load to get rid of toxins and sugar.

If your blood sugar is 10, what should you do? To answer this question, it is necessary to consider what symptoms indicate a hyperglycemic state, and how is high sugar in the body treated?

High levels of glucose in the body

A hyperglycemic state, that is, an increase in blood sugar above the permissible norm, not associated with the use of food, can be observed in a wide range of pathological conditions.

High sugar levels can be a consequence of diabetes mellitus, dysfunction of the pancreas. In addition, this condition is detected with excessive production of growth hormones, with a number of liver pathologies and other ailments.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic pathology, as a result of which there is a violation of glucose utilization at the cellular level. The most common type of diabetes is type 1 and 2, and they have some distinctive features in the symptoms, respectively, and the therapy will be different.

If blood sugar rises to 10 units, then it appears in urine. Normally, laboratory tests do not detect glucose in the urine. When glucose is observed in it, then the indicators of sugar content are called threshold in medical practice.

And this can be characterized by the following information:

• With a sugar of 10 mmol / l, each gram of sugar excreted from the body with the help of urine also removes 15 milliliters of fluid along with it, as a result of which the patient is constantly thirsty.
• If you do not replenish the loss of fluid, then dehydration of the body occurs, which can lead to irreversible complications.

Speaking of threshold sugar, it should be noted that each person will have their own numbers. In an adult patient, approximately 30-45 years old, the threshold level will be slightly higher than in a small child, pregnant woman, or elderly person.

Diabetics, regardless of the type of their disease, should know their threshold level, and try with all their might not to allow it to be exceeded. If this is allowed, then glucose will also be excreted from the body along with urine.

This loss is not restored through the use of food, the cells of the human body will still be "hungry".

The only way to help normalize your well-being is to lower your glucose levels.

Determination of the threshold level

Sugar level

As mentioned above, sugar 10 is a threshold value, and exceeding these indicators threatens serious health problems. That is why every diabetic must know their threshold numbers in order to be able to prevent numerous negative consequences. How do you define them?

The determination is carried out as follows: empty the bladder, measure the sugar in the body. After half an hour, the urine sugar level is measured. Record all data in the table, carry out several studies within 3-5 days.

Upon completion of this, an analysis of their results is carried out. Let's take an example. When sugar is 10-11 units, then its approximate concentration in urine is 1%. Such data indicate that the threshold level has been exceeded.

If the sugar in the body is 10.5 units, and it is not observed in the urine, then the value is below the threshold. When the indicators of glucose in the blood are 10.8 units, while traces of this substance in urine are detected, it means that the threshold level is 10.5-10.8 units.

Analysis by example shows that on average, in the overwhelming majority of cases of clinical pictures of diabetes mellitus, regardless of its type, the threshold level for all patients is approximately 10 units.

Thus, it is necessary to take a number of measures aimed at reducing the concentration of glucose in the body in order to prevent irreversible consequences.

Sugar 10: symptoms

Many patients wonder how to determine an increase in sugar, what symptoms indicate this pathological condition? In fact, measuring sugar is a sure way to help you get the job done.

At home, this will help to implement a special device (glucometer), which will give the correct result of glucose concentration, regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms of an increase in sugar.

Practice shows that not all patients are particularly sensitive to an increase in sugar in their body. Many people do not notice an increase in glucose levels at all until it reaches critical levels.

How severe the symptoms of type 1 or 2 diabetes will be cannot be predicted. However, the symptoms of such an excess should be considered:

1. The constant desire to drink, and it is almost impossible to tame it. The patient constantly consumes fluid in large quantities, while the symptom of thirst does not go away.
2. Dry mouth, dry skin.
3. Profuse and frequent urination. The kidneys help the body cope with stress and eliminate excess sugar through urine.
4. General malaise, weakness, lethargy and apathy, chronic fatigue, loss of performance, drowsiness.
5. Decrease or increase in body weight.

Against the background of diabetes mellitus, a decrease in immunity occurs, which in turn leads to frequent infectious and fungal diseases.

High sugar, including at around 10 units, significantly disrupts the work of the whole organism as a whole.

First of all, target organs are affected: the brain, kidneys, eyes, lower limbs.

What to do to lower glucose: general principles

Treatment for diabetes mellitus depends on what type of disease the patient is experiencing. And the first type of ailment involves the constant administration of the hormone insulin, which helps glucose to be absorbed at the cellular level.

It should be noted that this therapy is a lifelong event. Unfortunately, despite the development of medical science, in the modern world, diabetes mellitus, regardless of its type, is an incurable disease.

The second type of diabetes mellitus does not depend on insulin, therefore, the following principles of treatment act as its basis:

• A healthy diet, in particular eating foods that do not raise blood sugar.
• Typically, type 2 diabetics are obese or overweight, so the second point of therapy is optimal physical activity.
• Non-traditional treatment (decoctions and infusions based on medicinal herbs), dietary supplements, and so on.

As for taking medications, they are prescribed if all the measures recommended earlier did not give the required therapeutic effect. It is highly discouraged to prescribe them on your own, it should be done by a doctor.

Despite the fact that insulin is the prerogative of type 1 diabetes mellitus, it can also be prescribed for the treatment of the second type of disease. Usually it is recommended when no other methods have been able to compensate for the pathology.

The main goal of treating the disease is to achieve good compensation for diabetes, which in turn makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of complications to zero.

Reducing sugar with food

To lower blood sugar, you need to eat blueberries, which include many tannins and glycosides. It can be eaten in fresh, but not more than 200 grams per day.

In addition, a decoction can be prepared based on blueberry leaves to help normalize sugar levels. To prepare it, you need to take one teaspoon of crushed leaves, brew them in 250 ml of liquid. Insist for half an hour. Take 3 times a day for a third of a glass.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by impaired metabolic processes in the body. Fresh cucumbers will help to restore their full functionality, since they have an insulin-like component. In addition, these vegetables reduce appetite.

The following foods can help lower sugar levels:

1. Buckwheat helps to lower glucose levels. To do this, wash the grains, dry them, fry them in a dry frying pan (without oil), grind them into a dusty mixture using a coffee grinder. Recipe: 2 tablespoons per 250 ml of kefir, leave for 10 hours, take once a day before meals.
2. Jerusalem artichoke helps to normalize functioning gastrointestinal tract, lowers glucose in the body. You can eat several pears (pre-peeled) per day.
3. Cabbage is enriched with fiber, vitamins and minerals, as well as components that help suppress the development of pathogenic microorganisms. You can squeeze juice from cabbage and drink 100 ml 2 times a day.
4. It also ensures the normal functioning of the digestive tract, normalizes blood sugar levels. You need to take 120 ml of juice twice a day 30 minutes before meals.
5. Black radish juice helps to reduce sugar and stabilize it at the required level (take 50 ml up to 5 times a day, it is recommended to drink 15-20 minutes before meals).
6. Carrot, tomato, pumpkin juice effectively copes with high sugar (no more than 2 glasses per day).

To lower glucose, the body needs zinc, which serves as a catalyst for many biochemical processes in the body. This substance is abundant in seafood (oysters), wheat germ.

An effective remedy for reducing sugar is beet juice, which is taken 125 ml up to 4 times a day.