Nature protection is based on activities aimed at preserving natural objects and the environment as a whole, while the use natural resources pursues, first of all, the goals of search, exploration and extraction, in one form or another, of their useful properties . Rationality in the use of natural resources lies in the use of technologies that cause the least harm, as well as in the extraction of resources in volumes that do not lead to irreversible phenomena in the environment. The goals of any technogenic activity aimed at extracting natural resources are in conflict with the goals of nature protection. Consequently, the rational use of natural resources can neither be an integral part of nature protection nor encompass it. It has been rightly noted in the legal literature that there is no need for nature protection if environmental resources are not used. The main goal of any type of nature management is, first of all, the use of the beneficial properties of various ecosystems. People, influencing the environment, primarily set themselves the goals of using it, and not protecting it. Nature itself can protect and "guard" using the natural mechanisms of self-regulation of the biosphere. And only when the volume of anthropogenic impact exceeds the regenerative capacity of the biosphere, then there is a need to use measures, including legal ones, to prevent further growth of such negative impacts. In order to better understand the relationship between rational nature management and nature protection, it is necessary to consider the types of human impact on the environment. Firstly, this is the use of natural resources for the purpose of their extraction (extraction) - the extraction of minerals, forest resources and wildlife, water intake. Secondly, the use of natural resources for purposes not related to their extraction. To legally determine the ratio of the use of natural resources and their protection, it is necessary to refer to the regulations governing relations on the use and protection of individual natural resources. From the content of Art. 23 of the Law "On Subsoil" it can be concluded that the rational use of subsoil should be understood as the most complete extraction from the subsoil of the reserves of the main and, together with them, occurring minerals and associated components; carrying out advanced geological study of the subsoil, which provides a reliable assessment of the mineral reserves or the properties of the subsoil plot provided for use for purposes not related to the extraction of minerals. Subsoil protection includes such measures as, for example, the protection of mineral deposits from flooding, flooding, fires and other factors that reduce the quality of minerals and the industrial value of deposits or complicate their development; prevention of subsoil pollution during work related to the use of subsoil, especially during underground storage of oil, gas or other substances and materials, disposal of hazardous substances and production waste, wastewater discharge. In accordance with Art. 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation, the protection of water bodies is an activity aimed at the conservation and restoration of water bodies. The requirement for the rational use of water bodies can be found in Art. 11 of the Code, which states that the use of water bodies should be carried out with the least possible negative consequences for them. The Forest Code of the Russian Federation also distinguishes between the concepts of rational use of forests and their protection. So, in Art. 2 of the Code, it is established that the forest legislation of Russia is aimed at ensuring the rational and sustainable use of forests, their protection, protection and reproduction, based on the principles of sustainable forest management and conservation of the biological diversity of forest ecosystems, increasing the ecological and resource potential of forests, meeting the needs of society in forest resources on the basis of science-based, multi-purpose forest management. To the duties of rational forest management, in accordance with Art. 83 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, it is possible to attribute the obligation of forest users not to leave undercuts (cutting areas with unfinished cuttings) and harvested wood in the felling areas after the deadline for its harvesting and removal. Forest protection includes such activities as, for example, conducting work in ways that exclude or limit the negative impact of the use of the forest fund on the state and reproduction of forests, on the state of water and other natural objects; clearing of cutting areas; carrying out reforestation measures, etc. The protection of wildlife objects in the Federal Law "On Wildlife" refers to activities aimed at preserving biological diversity and ensuring the sustainable existence of the animal world, as well as creating conditions for the sustainable use and reproduction of wildlife objects. The purposes of land protection, in accordance with Art. 12 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, are the prevention of degradation, pollution, littering, disturbance of land, other negative (harmful) impacts economic activity, as well as ensuring the improvement and restoration of lands that have undergone degradation, pollution, littering, disturbance, and other negative (harmful) impacts of economic activity. Atmospheric air protection, as stated in Art. one federal law"On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", is a system of measures carried out by public authorities Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, local governments, legal entities and individuals in order to improve the quality of atmospheric air and prevent its harmful effects on human health and the environment. A generalization of the normative provisions of the federal legislation on the use and protection of natural resources allows us to conclude that the protection of natural resources is a set of various measures aimed primarily at preserving the quantitative, qualitative and specific characteristics of resources, preventing deterioration of their condition, or increasing quantitative and quality characteristics resources. If we do not forget that the use of natural resources is primarily aimed at extracting (using) their useful properties, even without extracting the resource itself, then it should be recognized that such use is practically impossible without harming the environment. We can only talk about more or less harm to the environment and its consequences. Perhaps the only type of nature management that does not harm the environment is the restoration and renewal of natural resources. However, this type of nature management is a consequence of an earlier anthropogenic impact, during which the economic capacity of ecosystems was exceeded, as a result of which it became necessary to restore the disturbed ecological balance. Restoration and renewal of natural resources, as a form of their use, pursues the goal of protecting nature, and not extracting useful properties of resources. The rational use of natural resources, in contrast to their protection, is aimed, firstly, at the most complete and comprehensive extraction of a natural resource or its useful properties. Incomplete or selective extraction of the resource subsequently leads to significant financial and labor costs for the extraction of the remaining part of the resource. Secondly, the inevitability of causing harm to the environment determines the inclusion in the concept of rational use of the requirement to minimize harm to the natural resource itself. Moreover, this harm should be at such a low level that can only be achieved, taking into account economic, technical and social factors.

Today, the consumer attitude to nature, the expenditure of its resources without the implementation of measures to restore them are a thing of the past. The problem of the rational use of natural resources, the protection of nature from the detrimental consequences of human economic activity have acquired great national importance. Society, in the interests of present and future generations, takes the necessary measures for the protection and scientifically based, rational use of the land and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to keep the air and water clean, to ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improve the human environment. Nature protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex problem, and its solution depends both on the consistent implementation of government measures and on the expansion of scientific knowledge.

For harmful substances in the atmosphere, maximum permissible concentrations are legally established that do not cause tangible consequences for humans. In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure the correct combustion of fuel, the transition to gasified central heating, and the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises. In aluminum smelters, installing filters on pipes prevents fluorine from being released into the atmosphere.

In addition to the construction of sewage treatment plants, a search is underway for a technology in which the generation of waste would be minimized. The same goal is served by improving the design of cars, switching to other types of fuel, the combustion of which produces less harmful substances. Cars with an electric motor are being developed for movement within the city. Proper city planning and green enjoyment are of great importance. For example, sulfur dioxide is well absorbed by poplar, linden, maple, horse chestnut.

Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physical, chemical and biological treatment. Biological treatment consists in the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms.

Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle, in which purified water is again supplied to production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce water consumption by dozens of times.

Proper agricultural practices and the implementation of special soil protection measures are of great importance for increasing the productivity of agriculture. For example, the fight against ravines is successfully carried out by planting plants - trees, shrubs, grasses. Plants protect soils from being washed away and slow down the flow of water. A variety of plantings and crops along the ravine contributes to the formation of persistent biocenoses. Birds settle in the thickets, which is of no small importance for pest control. Protective forest plantations in the steppes prevent water and wind erosion of fields.

The development of biological methods of pest control can dramatically reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture.

Currently, 2,000 species of plants, 236 species of mammals, 287 species of birds need protection. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established a special Red Book, which provides information about endangered species and provides recommendations for their conservation. Many endangered animal species have now regained their numbers. This applies to elk, saiga, white heron, eider.

Preservation of flora and fauna contributes to the organization of reserves and reserves. In addition to protecting rare and endangered species, they serve as a basis for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties. Reserves also serve as centers for the resettlement of animals that have disappeared in the area, or for the purposes of enriching the local fauna. In Russia, the North American muskrat has taken root well, giving valuable fur. In the harsh conditions of the Arctic, the musk ox, imported from Canada and Alaska, successfully breeds. The number of beavers, which almost disappeared in our country at the beginning of the century, has been restored.

Such examples show that a careful attitude based on a deep knowledge of plant and animal biology not only preserves it, but also gives a significant economic effect.

Conclusion.

Mankind, in its striving to improve the conditions of existence, is constantly increasing the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. For example, modern man has increased the volume of pollutants familiar to nature so much that it does not have time to process them. Moreover, it began to produce such pollution, for the processing of which there are no corresponding species in nature yet, and for some pollution, for example, radioactive, they will never appear. Therefore, the "refusal" of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity will inevitably act as an ever-increasing ultimatum factor in relation to man. Therefore, the future of man as a biological species is predictable: an ecological crisis and a decline in numbers.

Bibliography:

General biology. Reference materials. M., Bustard, 1995.

General biology. Textbook for secondary specialized educational institutions.

S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, M., Higher School 2000

The main concepts of the course include: geographic envelope (GO), geographic environment, environment, nature management, nature conservation, natural conditions, Natural resources.

The geographic shell is an area of ​​direct contact, comprehensive and deep interaction and conjugated development of the near-surface spheres of the Earth. It is characterized by the presence of organic life. GO consists of the troposphere, hydrosphere, earth's crust and the biosphere, is distinguished by the complexity of its composition. Within its limits, the substance is in three states of aggregation, all natural components closely interact, processes occur under the influence of cosmic and terrestrial energy sources.

The environment is what surrounds the body. The geographical environment is the nature of the Earth, included at this historical stage in the sphere of human activity and constituting a necessary condition for the existence and development of society (N.F. Reimers). According to other scientists, the geographical environment is only the environment of the geographical shell.

The natural environment is a combination of natural and slightly modified abiotic and biotic natural factors affecting humans (this is the environment, human environment, natural, regardless of direct contact with a person). The natural environment can be considered in relation to animals, plants.

The natural environment, considered in relation to a person, is called the environment, i.e. is the environment and production activities humanity.

The environment performs the following functions:

1. Resource-reproducing - the ability of natural systems to reproduce natural resources used human society. The preservation of this function in relation to renewable resources ensures their inexhaustibility. Violation of this function turns inexhaustible resources into exhaustible.

2. Environment-reproducing - the ability of natural systems to maintain, in a certain range of values, environmental parameters that are essential for humanity or resource reproduction. An environmental problem is associated with the preservation of this function.

3. Conservation - preservation of mechanisms for regulating relationships between natural components, preservation of the structure of natural complexes. This is a necessary condition for environmental reproduction.

4. Medical-geographical, sanitary-hygienic, aesthetic-psychological functions that characterize the suitability, safety, and attractiveness of the environment for human life and activity. These functions have been little studied.

Natural resources are natural objects and phenomena used for direct and indirect consumption, contributing to the creation of material wealth, the reproduction of labor resources, maintaining the conditions for the existence of mankind and improving the quality of life (quality of life is the correspondence of a person’s living environment to his needs) (R.F. Reimers ). Natural resources are used as means of labor (land, irrigation water, waterways), energy sources (hydropower, nuclear fuel, fossil fuels, etc.); raw materials and materials (minerals, forests), as commodities (drinking water, wild plants, mushrooms, etc.), recreation (places of recreation in nature, its health-improving value), genetic fund bank (breeding of new varieties and breeds ) or sources of information about the surrounding world (reserves - standards of nature, bioindicators, etc.)

Natural conditions are the bodies and forces of nature that are essential for the life and economic activity of society, but are not directly involved in the material, industrial and non-productive activities of people (N.F. Reimers). A clear line between the concepts of natural conditions and natural resources cannot be drawn. One and the same natural component acts as natural conditions and at the same time is a natural resource.

Nature management is a set of all forms of exploitation of natural resource potential and measures for its conservation. Environmental management considers the use of natural resources; the totality of the impacts of mankind as a whole on the geographical envelope, nature protection.

The concept of nature management implies the existence of an object and a subject of use. The geographical shell, biosphere, geosystems, landscapes act as an object. They are considered as natural conditions, receptacles or producers of natural resources, receivers and reducers of household waste. The subject of use is mankind, the state, enterprises, individuals.

The concept of "protection" of nature at different times was invested with different meanings. Almost until the middle of the 20th century, it was widely believed that the main purpose of nature conservation was the protection of flora and fauna (mainly through the creation of reserves). Therefore, this branch of knowledge was considered biological. In the second half of the 20th century, the multidimensional nature of the problem of nature protection became apparent.

Nature conservation is a set of international, state, regional and local, administrative, economic, technological and other measures aimed at the conservation, rational use and reproduction of the nature of the Earth and the outer space closest to it (N.F. Reimers).

There are the following forms of environmental protection. The people's guard originated in the primitive communal system and exists in underdeveloped countries. The state form of environmental protection arose during the period of the slave system. Currently, this is the main form of nature conservation in most states. The public form was formed in the 20th century in the era of capitalism as an important addition to the state. International environmental protection arose in the 20th century and aims to preserve natural resources on the territory of several states or regions. This form of protection is implemented by interstate agreements and is under the control of states.

When considering the problem of nature protection, several aspects stand out. The philosophical aspect of nature conservation is to clarify the contradictions between nature and society and the possibilities of overcoming them. The social aspect is manifested in a different approach to the use of natural resources and protection in states with different social systems.

The economic aspect of nature protection consists in the economic assessment of the use of natural resources, the determination of the damage caused by their depletion and environmental pollution, and the identification of the effectiveness of environmental protection measures. The technological aspect is closely related to the economics of nature management. The technological aspect is the development of environmentally friendly technologies, methods of cleaning the biosphere from pollution, methods of waste disposal.

The medical and hygienic aspect of the problem of nature protection consists in elucidating the impact of various pollutants on the biosphere and the human body, establishing the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful impurities in water, air, and soil.

With the help of this video lesson, you can independently study the topic "Rational use of nature and its protection." During the lesson, you will learn that nature is not an inexhaustible resource. The teacher will talk about the need for rational use of nature and ways to protect it.

Rational use of nature and its protection

BIOLOGY

9 CLASS

Topic: fundamentals of ecology

Lesson 64

Anisimov Alexey Stanislavovich,

biology and chemistry teacher,

Moscow, 2012

Each of us, regardless of age, has the power to positively or negatively influence the future of nature. Scientists and environmentalists argue that in order to contribute to saving the future of the biosphere, it is enough not to throw away plastic bags, constantly buying new ones, to refuse goods in plastic bottles, do not throw away batteries, accumulators and equipment with the appropriate designations in the bins. Being the master of nature is harder than being its consumer. But only responsible owners care about their future.

For many centuries, mankind has treated nature as an almost inexhaustible source of well-being. To plow more land, cut down more trees, mine more coal and ore, build more roads and factories was considered the main direction of progressive development and prosperity. Already in ancient times, with the beginning of agriculture and cattle breeding, human activity led to real environmental disasters: irreversible change of large ecosystems and devastation of large areas.

By the middle of the 20th century, it was already obvious that environmental disturbance was caused by anthropogenic impact, which has not only local, but also planetary significance. The question of the limits of the ecological capacity of the planet for the existence of mankind has become acute.

Population growth and the technogenic nature of the use of nature have led to the threat of environmental violations affecting not only individual states and countries, but also the biosphere as a whole. Change planetary circular cycles - the circulation of matter. As a result, mankind has faced a whole series of environmental issues caused by anthropogenic impact on the environment.

Depletion of natural resources. The resources on which humanity lives are divided into two categories:

1. Renewable (soil, vegetation, animal world).

2. Non-renewable (reserves of ores and fossil fuels).

Renewable resources are capable of recovery if their consumption does not exceed critical limits. Intensive consumption has led to a significant decrease in the populations of salmon, sturgeon, many herring, and whales.

Soil losses, settling and erosion, destruction and removal of the fertile layer by water and wind have acquired enormous proportions. Both arise as a result of improper agricultural exploitation of land. Tens of millions of hectares of valuable soils are lost every year.

Environmental pollution

As a result of industrial production, a huge amount of harmful substances enter the atmosphere, water and soil as waste, the accumulation of which threatens the lives of most species, including humans.

A powerful source of pollution is modern agriculture, which saturates soils with excess amounts of fertilizers and poisons to control pests. Unfortunately, the practice of using these substances is still widespread.

Rational use of natural resources and nature protection

Currently, global environmental threats have begun to be recognized by society. Environmentally competent and rational nature management is the only possible way for the survival of mankind.

It is impossible to ensure the survival of mankind without the development of environmental science, rational use and nature conservation. The science of ecology makes it possible to understand in what ways it is necessary to build relationships with nature in various areas of human activity. In addition, over many centuries, different peoples have accumulated extensive experience in caring for the natural environment and using its resources. This experience was largely forgotten with the advent of the scientific and technological revolution, but now it is again attracting attention. It gives hope that modern humanity is armed scientific knowledge(http://spb.ria.ru/Infographics/20120323/497341921.html). The main difficulty lies in the fact that in order to prevent global environmental disasters and ensure the rational use of nature, it is necessary to maintain consistency in the activities of many environmental groups, all states of the world and individuals.

It is necessary to restructure each person from the old forms of exploitation of nature to constant care for it, the transition to new technologies of industry and agriculture. All this is impossible without large investments, universal environmental awareness and deep knowledge in every area of ​​interaction with nature.

Universal environmental education is becoming one of the main requirements of the time. The present and future generations will face an intense conscious struggle for the coordinated activity of people to preserve the biosphere (http://spb.ria.ru/Infographics/20120418/497610977.html). In the present and future, the restructuring of industry and agriculture on an ecological basis, the introduction of new legislation, new moral standards, the formation of an ecological culture in the name of further prosperity and development of mankind on Earth is inevitable.

Ecological disasters of antiquity

The first ecological catastrophes caused by man occurred several millennia ago. Thus, forests were cut down in Ancient Greece and Asia Minor, the territory of the deserts was greatly expanded due to overgrazing, and the number of ungulates fell sharply.

Ecological catastrophes caused by the violation of natural ties have repeatedly occurred in different regions of our country.

Dust storms caused by the plowing of large areas lifted up and carried away fertile soils in the USA, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan.

Because of the deforestation, navigable rivers became shallow.

In areas of dry climate, excessive watering caused soil salinization.

In the steppe regions, ravines sprawled, taking away fertile lands from people.

Polluted lakes and rivers turned into sewage reservoirs.

Species extinction

Through the fault of man, the species diversity of plants and animals is catastrophically reduced. Some species have disappeared as a result of direct extermination. For example, a passenger pigeon, sea Steller's cow and others.

Significantly more dangerous were abrupt changes natural environment caused by man, the destruction of habitual habitats. Because of this, death threatens 2/3 of the existing species. Now the pace of anthropogenic impoverishment of wildlife is such that several species of animals and plants disappear daily. In the history of the Earth, the processes of extinction of species were balanced by the processes of speciation. The pace of evolution is incomparable with the destructive influence of man on species diversity.

Earth Hour

Earth Hour is an annual international event hosted by the World Foundation wildlife(WWF). It takes place on the last Saturday of March and calls on all individuals and representatives of organizations to turn off the lights and other electrical appliances for one hour. Thus, ecologists seek to draw attention to the problems of climate change. The first Earth Hour took place in Australia in 1997, and the following year this goodwill action received worldwide support. To date, Earth Hour is the most massive attempt in the history of mankind to draw attention to environmental problems.

According to the estimates of the Wildlife Fund, more than a billion inhabitants of the planet participate in this action every year.

1. When did a person begin to think about the harm caused to nature by his activities?

2. What international environmental organizations do you know?

3. How it has changed before and is changing now chemical composition atmosphere due to the growth of industry?

4. Suggest your own promising ways to save the natural environment from human destruction.

1. Mamontov S. G., Zakharov V. B., Agafonova I. B., Sonin N. I. Biology. General patterns. – M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Pasechnik V. V., Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A. Biology. Introduction to General Biology and Ecology: Textbook for Grade 9. 3rd ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2002.

3. Ponomareva I. N., Kornilova O. A., Chernova N. M. Fundamentals of general biology. Grade 9: A textbook for students in grade 9 of educational institutions / Ed. prof. I. N. Ponomareva. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2005.

Introduction.

The protection of nature is the most important task of mankind. The current scale of human impact on the natural environment, the commensurability of the scale of human economic activity with the potential ability of modern landscapes to assimilate its adverse effects.

The term "environmental protection" refers to all economic, legal, socio-political and organizational-economic mechanisms that bring the environment to the "strength limit". But you can't wait until pollution reaches its highest level. It is necessary to prevent the threat of destruction of the world.

Objects and principles of environmental protection

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Only if all these components correspond to each other in terms of content and pace of development, i.e., add up to single system environmental protection, you can count on success.

Since the problem of protecting nature from the negative impact of man was not solved in time, now the task of protecting man from the influence of the changed natural environment is increasingly becoming. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term "protection of the (human) natural environment".

Environmental protection consists of:

legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;
material incentives for environmental activities, seeking to make it economically beneficial for enterprises;
engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", the following objects are subject to protection:

natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;
land, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State natural reserves, natural reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are specially protected.

The main principles of environmental protection should be:

the priority of ensuring favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;
scientifically substantiated combination of ecological and economic interests of society;
taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-recovery and self-purification of its resources;
prevention of irreversible consequences for the protection of the natural environment and human health;
the right of the people and public organizations on timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on human health of various production facilities;
inevitability of liability for violation of the requirements of environmental legislation.

Human impact on nature

The biosphere of the Earth is characterized in a certain way by the existing circulation of substances and the flow of energy. Human impact on nature disrupts these processes.

The circulation of substances is the repeated participation of substances in the processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, including those layers that are part of the Earth's biosphere.

Depending on the driving force, with a certain degree of convention, within the circulation of substances, one can distinguish geological, biological and anthropogenic cycles.

Before the appearance of man on Earth, only two cycles of matter were carried out - geological and biological. The geological cycle is the cycle of matter driving force which are exogenous and endogenous geological processes. The geological cycle of substances is carried out without the participation of living organisms. The biological cycle is the cycle of substances, the driving force of which is the activity of living organisms.

With the advent of man, an anthropogenic cycle or metabolism arose. Anthropogenic circulation (exchange) - circulation (exchange) of substances, the driving force of which is human activity. Two components can be distinguished in it: biological, associated with the functioning of a person as a living organism, and technical, associated with the economic activity of people (technogenic circulation (exchange)).

Unlike the geological and biological cycles of substances, the anthropogenic cycle of substances in most cases is not closed. Therefore, they often talk not about the anthropogenic cycle, but about the anthropogenic metabolism. The openness of the anthropogenic circulation of substances leads to the depletion of natural resources and pollution of the natural environment.

Pollution is the introduction into the environment or the occurrence in it of new (usually not characteristic of it) harmful chemical, physical, biological agents. Pollution can occur as a result of natural causes (natural) or under the influence of human activities (anthropogenic pollution).

In addition to influencing the circulation of substances, a person has an impact on energy processes in the biosphere. The most dangerous is the thermal pollution of the biosphere associated with the use of nuclear and thermonuclear energy.

Thus, the impact of man on nature consists in the redistribution of matter in the environment and the change in its physical, chemical and biological characteristics.

Human impact on nature is:

destructive;
stabilizing;
constructive.

Destructive (destructive) impact - human activity, leading to the loss of the natural environment of its useful human qualities. An example of destructive human activity is the reduction of rainforests to pastures or plantations, as a result of which the biogeochemical cycle of substances is disturbed and the soil loses its fertility in 2-3 years.

Stabilizing impact - human activity aimed at slowing down the destruction (destruction) of the natural environment as a result of both human economic activity and natural processes. Soil protection measures aimed at reducing soil erosion are an example of stabilizing human activity.

Constructive impact - human activity aimed at restoring the natural environment, disturbed as a result of human economic activity. An example of constructive human activity is the reclamation of landscapes, the restoration of the number of rare species of animals and plants, etc.

direct (immediate);
indirect (mediated).

Direct (immediate) impact - a change in nature as a result of the direct impact of human economic activity on natural objects and phenomena. Indirect (mediated) impact - a change in nature as a result of chain reactions or secondary phenomena associated with human economic activity.

deliberate;
unintentional.

An unintended impact is unconscious when a person does not anticipate the consequences of his activity. Intentional impact is conscious when a person expects certain results of his activity.

The impact of nature on man

Man (society) is connected with nature by his origin, existence, his future. All human life and activity, territorial settlement and distribution of production forces depend on the quantity, quality and location of natural resources.

The natural environment surrounding a person has influenced and still influences the formation of ethnic groups. Ethnogenesis - the emergence and development of the peoples of the world under the influence of internal socio-economic mechanisms and the surrounding social and natural environments. The historical development of ethnic groups is divided into 3-4 phases: the phase of historical formation, the phase of historical existence (with a flourishing subphase), the phase of historical inertia and the phase of ethnic relics.

The history of the relationship between society and nature

Man appeared on Earth about 4.6 million years ago. At first it was a man-collector. About 1.6 million years ago, man learned to use fire. This allowed him to populate areas with a temperate climate and engage in hunting. The use of fire and the invention of weapons led to the mass destruction (fishery) of large mammals in the middle latitudes. This was the cause of the first ecological crisis (crisis of consumers).

This crisis forced a person to move from an appropriating type of economy (hunting and gathering) to a producing type (cattle breeding and agriculture).

The first agricultural civilizations arose in areas of insufficient moisture, which required the creation of irrigation systems. As a result of soil erosion and salinization, local ecological disasters occurred in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins, and the deforestation led to the emergence of the Sahara desert in place of fertile lands. This is how the crisis of primitive agriculture manifested itself.

Later, agriculture advanced in areas of sufficient moisture, in areas of forest-steppe and forest, as a result of which intensive deforestation began. The development of agriculture and the need for wood to build houses and ships led to the catastrophic destruction of forests in Western Europe.

Deforestation causes a change in the gas composition of the atmosphere, climatic conditions, water regime, and soil conditions. The mass destruction of the Earth's plant resources is characterized as a crisis of producers.

Since the 18th century, as a result of the industrial and then scientific and technological revolutions, the pre-industrial era has been replaced by the industrial one. Over the past 100 years, consumption has increased 100 times. At present, about 20 tons of raw materials are mined and grown every year per inhabitant of the Earth, which is processed into final products weighing 2 tons, i.e. 90% of raw materials turn into waste. Out of 2 tons of the final product, at least 1 ton is thrown out during the same year. The appearance of a huge amount of waste, often in the form of substances unusual for nature, led to another crisis - the crisis of decomposers. Decomposers do not have time to clean the biosphere from pollution, often they are simply not capable of this. This leads to disruption of the circulation of substances in the biosphere.

In addition to pollution of the biosphere by various substances, its thermal pollution occurs - the addition of thermal energy to the surface layer of the troposphere as a result of the burning of a huge amount of combustible minerals, as well as the use of atomic and thermonuclear energy. This could result in global warming. This crisis is called the thermodynamic crisis.

Another ecological crisis is the decrease in the reliability of ecological systems, in particular as a result of a decrease in their species diversity, the destruction of the ozone layer, etc.

The increasing impact of man on nature as a result of population growth and scientific and technological progress has not only environmental consequences. The increase in environmental tension is also manifested in social consequences. Negative social consequences include: the growing shortage of food in the world, the increase in the incidence of the population in cities, the emergence of new diseases, the ecological migration of the population, the emergence of local environmental conflicts due to the creation of environmentally hazardous enterprises in the eyes of the population, environmental aggression - the removal of toxic technological processes and waste to other countries, etc.

Evolution of attitude towards nature. Earth climate change

Consider the history of the relationship between nature and man: pre-industrial society (before the beginning of the technical revolution at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century) is characterized, if not by complete harmony with the environment, then at least by the minimum ability of man to influence the ecosystem. Until that time, nature was self-regulating: warmings were replaced by ice ages, and nature was constantly self-renewing. At the beginning of the 19th century, the beginning of warming was recorded, which continued until the first half of the 19th century. The time of this warming is considered to be the beginning of the influence of industrial society on the ecological balance of nature.

The man of the industrial society strives to use nature: the rapid development of the economy requires more and more energy and raw materials, while the technical possibilities for extraction become more and more. Unfortunately, at this stage of human development, in which we are now, the economy dominates the ecology, and in a few decades the ecosystem will be in danger of destruction. Only the onset of the post-industrial era, when the noosphere begins to prevail over the technosphere, can prevent an inevitable catastrophe.

Some might say that at the moment we are in the post-industrial period: purification plants are being installed, the consumption of near-depletion resources is being limited, endangered animals are being bred, dirty water bodies are being cleaned. But after all, all this is not carried out everywhere, and under the guise of cleansing the environment, on the contrary, the situation is aggravating.

Types of environmental pollution and directions of its protection

Until the 60s of our century, the protection of nature was understood mainly as the protection of its animal and plant life from extermination. Accordingly, the forms of this protection were mainly the creation of specially protected territories, the adoption of legal acts restricting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were primarily concerned about the biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no talk of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now, it practically did not contain artificially created compounds that were not amenable to natural decomposition, and nature coped with it on its own. So, in rivers with undisturbed biocenosis and normal flow rate, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of mixing, oxidation, sedimentation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc., polluted water completely restored its properties over a distance of 30 km from pollution sources .

Of course, separate centers of nature degradation were observed earlier in the vicinity of the most polluting industries. However, by the middle of the XX century. the rates of ingredient and parametric pollution have increased and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas the ability of nature to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.

At present, even such full-flowing and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur are not self-purifying. What can we say about the long-suffering Volga, the natural flow rate of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom River (Western

Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take away for their needs and drain it back contaminated at least 3-4 times before it gets from source to mouth.

The ability of the soil to self-cleanse is undermined by a sharp decrease in the number of decomposers in it, which occurs under the influence of the immoderate use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the cultivation of monocultures, the complete harvesting of all parts of grown plants from the fields, etc.

Human and nature

Everything in the world is interconnected, so you can't use one without damaging the other. So, for example, gaseous compounds of the environment have always been present in the atmosphere, but today almost half of its total amount is introduced by industry. In the air of industrial regions, the volume of sulfur emissions of industrial origin is many times greater than the amount of its natural compounds. Sulfur dioxide, formed from the combustion of coal and some types of oil, is the most important environmental pollutant. In moist air, sulfur dioxide combines with water to form sulfuric acid. Acid rain falling on the ground destroys all living things. Falling out with rain or floating in the atmosphere with droplets of fog, sulfuric acid corrodes not only the lungs of people, but also metals, paints, stones, causing damage to sculptures...

Especially dangerous is the pollution of the atmosphere by carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide. In total, the atmosphere contains 2.3 * 1012 tons of this gas, of which almost half falls on the gas of anthropogenic origin, which forms during the combustion of fuel. Carbon monoxide is dangerous for humans because when it enters the blood during breathing, it combines with hemoglobin 200-300 times faster than with oxygen, which can cause severe poisoning, even death.

Washed out from the fields, nitrogen fertilizers enter the water bodies, causing the rapid development of algae, making it difficult to supply water. Nitrogen, entering the human body, after a series of reactions binds to blood hemoglobin and sharply reduces its ability to carry oxygen.

The most dangerous pollution of the environment is radioactive. Containers of buried radioactive waste are gradually destroyed and radiation is released. Radiation, when it appears in the air, quickly accumulates in organisms, gradually killing a person and distorting his DNA.

It would seem that harmless air pollution is noise pollution. But especially often, an overestimated noise level (starting from 60-70 decibels) causes hearing impairment that occurs in children already at a level of 45 decibels. Noise of 80 decibels reduces mental performance, increases the range of fluctuations in blood pressure, and sharply worsens the perception of what is happening. A long time of noise causes steady shifts in the autonomic nervous system, disorders of the peripheral circulation, and hypertension. Noise above 90 decibels damages the middle ear, and around 120 decibels causes deafness. Therefore, noise is a significant threat to the living.

Pollution such as soot, smoke, soot can penetrate into the lungs of a person and be deposited on the surface of the alveoli. As a result, lung diseases arise or worsen: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, cancer. All these diseases can have every person who has a car, works at an oil factory, and just a passer-by. Even more dangerous are emissions of lead in exhaust gases. With chronic exposure, they have a depressing effect on red blood cells and nervous system causing insomnia and nightmares.

Currently, the problem of pollution of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, groundwater, etc.) is the most relevant, because. Everyone knows the expression "water is life". A person cannot live without water for more than three days, but even realizing the importance of the role of water in his life, he still continues to exploit water bodies, irrevocably changing their natural regime with discharges and waste. There is a lot of water on Earth, but 97% is the salt water of the oceans and seas, and only 3% is fresh. Of these, three-quarters are almost inaccessible to living organisms, since this water is "conserved" in mountain glaciers and polar caps (glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic). This is a reserve of fresh water. Of the water available to living organisms, the bulk is contained in their tissues. The need for water in organisms is very high. For example, for the formation of 1 kg of wood biomass, up to 500 kg of water is consumed. And so it must be spent and not polluted. The water cycle in the biosphere before the development of civilization was balanced, the ocean received as much water from the rivers as it consumed during its evaporation. If the climate did not change, then the rivers did not become shallow and the water level in the lakes did not decrease. With the development of civilization, this cycle began to be violated, as a result of irrigation of agricultural crops, evaporation from land increased. The rivers of the southern regions became shallow, pollution of the oceans and the appearance of an oil film on its surface reduced the amount of water evaporated by the ocean. All this worsens the water supply of the biosphere. Droughts are becoming more frequent, sources of ecological disasters are emerging, for example, a long-term catastrophic drought in the Sahara zone.

In addition, fresh water itself, which returns to the ocean and other bodies of water from land, is often polluted. The water of many rivers became practically unfit for drinking.

A previously inexhaustible resource - fresh clean water - is becoming exhaustible. Today, water suitable for drinking, industrial production and irrigation is in short supply in many parts of the world. Already, thousands of people die every year due to dioxin pollution of water bodies. As a result of living in a dangerously poisoned habitat, cancer and other environmentally dependent diseases of various organs are spread. In half of the newborns who received even a slight additional exposure at a certain stage of the formation of the fetus in the mother's body, mental retardation is found.

Just as we need water, air, food, we need soil, especially the top layer. Plants grow on the ground, water filters through the soil. It is from the soil that man received the materials for our present life. Soil bacteria decompose the garbage we throw away. All homes and businesses are built on soil. Soil is also a necessary component of our life, so we should take care of its conservation.

Since the dawn of land ownership, we have misused this vital resource. Of course, the soil can be restored, but this process will take hundreds of years. For example, it will take from 200 to 1000 years to renew 3 cm of soil, depending on the climate and soil. At present, the abuse of the soil has reached unprecedented proportions.

The first problem, which, by the way, concerns not only the soil, is acidity. The acidity of the soil determines the presence of a particular vegetation, since its value affects the absorption of nutrients by plants. And, as everyone already knows, in our time, the amount of acid rain has increased markedly. Lime is added to neutralize acidity in the soil. However, the addition of lime accelerates the decomposition of organic matter in the soil, so manure and other organic fertilizers are added along with lime to maintain fertility.
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