Characteristic features and components of the HTR.
Modern HTR is characterized by four main features.
Firstly, versatility, envelope. It converts all industries and spheres, the nature of labor, life, culture, psychology of people. If the symbol of industrial coups between the past usually considers a steam machine, then for modern HTRs, both symbols can also be a computer, a spacecraft, and a nuclear power plant, and a jet, and a TV. The comprehensibility of modern HTR can be interpreted and geographically, since it affected all the countries of the world and all the geographic shells of the Earth, as well as outer space.
Secondly, emergency acceleration of scientific and technical transformations. It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between the scientific discovery and its introduction into production, in a more rapid, as they say, moral wear and, therefore, in constant updating of products.
Third, the HTR sharply increased the requirements for labor qualification levelWhat directly concerns each of you. It led to the fact that in all spheres of human activity, the proportion of mental labor has increased, there has been as they say, its intellectualization.
Fourth, an important feature of the NTR is that it originated in the years of World War II as a military-technical revolution: the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima in 1945 was louder: over the entire period of the Cold War Even more was focused on the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes.
Economists, philosophers and sociologists believe that modern HTR is a single complex system in which four components are closely interacting with each other: 1) Science, 2) technique and technology, 3) production, 4) management.
Science: growth of knowledge intensity. Science in the Epoch of HTR has become a very complex complex of knowledge. Along with this, it forms an extensive sphere of human activity; Scientists in the world - 5-6 million people, i.e. 9/10 scientists ever who lived on Earth, are our contemporaries. Especially increased bonds of science with production, which becomes more native. However, the differences in this between economically developed and developing countries are very high.
The first place in the world at the absolute number of scientists and engineers is occupied by the United States, Japan and Western European countries are followed, where science expenses are 2-3% of GDP. Despite a significant reduction in the number of scientists in recent years, Russia includes this group of leaders. And in developing countries, the costs of science on average do not exceed 0.5%.
Technique and technology: two ways of development. Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries. The main purpose of the use of new equipment and technology is to increase the efficiency of production, labor productivity.
Recently, along with the main - the labor-saving - function of technology and technology, its resource-saving and environmental functions are becoming increasingly role. In the UK, Italy 2/3 steel is obtained from scrap metal, in the UK and Japan more than 1/2 paper-from waste paper, in the USA, Japan most of the aluminum - like secondary aluminum. In the production of environmental equipment and the introduction of environmental technology, Germany and the United States are especially allocated, and on the export of such equipment in the first place is FRG.
Under HTR, the development of equipment and technology occurs in two ways.
Evolutionary Path It is further improving already known technology and technology - in increasing the capacity (performance) of machines and equipment, in the growth of vehicle carrying capacity. Even at the beginning of the 50s. The largest sea tanker accompanied 50 thousand tons of oil. In the 60s. SuperTankers appeared with a carrying capacity of 100, 200, 300, and in the 70s-GG-400, 500, 550 thousand tons. The largest of them are built in Japan and France.
Revolutionary way It is the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. Perhaps the most vivid expression he finds in the production of electronic technology. Indeed, before, they talked about the "century of textiles", the "eyelids", the "century of the car", and now - about the "century of microelectronics." It is not by chance that the "second wave" of the HTR, which began in the 70s, is often referred to as a microelectronic revolution. It is also called the microprocessor revolution, since the invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can be compared unless with the invention of the wheel, printing machine, steam machine or electricity.
Of great importance and breakthrough to new technologies.
In engineering, this is the transition from mechanical methods of processing metals to non-mechanical - electrochemical, plasma, laser, radiation, ultrasound, vacuum, etc. In metallurgy, this is the use of the most progressive methods for producing cast iron, steel and rolled products, in agriculture - an amphibious agriculture, the so-called zero Soil processing, in the field of communications - radio relay, optical fiber communications, telefax, email, paging and cellular communication, etc.
In the late 90s. In the main countries of the West, almost all steel is produced in oxygen converters and electric traits; Half of all steel blanks, and in Japan, Germany, France, the Republic of Korea, even 95%, is obtained by a continuous casting method. With the help of direct iron reduction, 40 million tons of steel produce from metallized pellets in the world.
The revolutionary path is the main way of development of equipment and technology in the Epoch of the HTR.
Tasks and tests on the topic "Characteristic features and components of the HTR."
- Continents, parts of light and oceans
Lessons: 3 tasks: 11 tests: 1
- Studies of internal parts of the mainland - Development of geographical knowledge about Earth Grade 5
Lessons: 4 tasks: 7 tests: 1
- Geographical location and features of North America Nature - North America Grade 7
Lessons: 5 tasks: 9 tests: 1
- Oceans. Generalization of Knowledge - Oceans Grade 7
Lessons: 1 tasks: 9 tests: 1
- Water sushi. - General characteristic of the nature of the Earth Grade 7
Lessons: 6 tasks: 9 tests: 1
Leading ideas: The modern stage of the development of world economy and international economic relations is under the influence of the NTR, which has recently become a permanent haraxter; The main trends in the development of the world economy is characterized by the further deepening of the international specialization of countries, the complication of international economic relations, the strengthening of the unevenness of the development of individual countries and territories.
Basic concepts: world economy (MX), international economic relations (MEO); Industry of international specialization, international division (MRI), international trade, trade balance, export, import; Scientific and technical revolution (HTR), characteristic features and components of the HTR, research and development and design development (R & D); trade and economic blocks (GATT - WTO), international specialization (SMEs), international production cooperation (IPC), transnational corporations (TNC); open economy, free economic zones (FEZ); Geographical "Model" of the World Economy, "North and South", "Center" and "Perfira", integration; sectoral structure of farm, high-capacity, new, old and newest industries, "avant-garde" Troika, agrarian, industrial and post-industrial farm structure; territorial structure of the economy; Starind industrial and depressive areas, regions of new development, regional policy of developed and developing countries, "growth poles", "penetration lines".
Skills: To be able to give the characteristics of HTR, MX, MEO, MGR, accompanying them with clear definitions; To give a comparative characterization to the branches of international specialization, industry and territorial structures of the economy of developed and developing countries, explain the differences, determine trends using statistical, graphic and cartographic material.
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Purpose: Show features of NTR development, its characteristic features and composite parts.
Educational and educational tasks:
- Form the concept of HTR; introduce the features and parts of the HTR.
- To generate the ability to listen and allocate the main thing in the content, schematically compile an abstract.
- Display the scope of scientific and technical achievements of humanity.
Type of lesson: Studying new material, lecture lesson.
Stages of the lesson:
- Lecture scheme consisting of blocks and their parts placed on a sheet of A4 sheet, distribute to students. During the lesson, students will be able to mark on it.
- The same scheme is placed on the board. In the course of the lecture, we will be returned to it, marking that it has already been completed.
- During the lesson, students get acquainted with key words-terms:
- Geoinformatics;
- Geographic information systems.
- Listening lectures is accompanied by the preparation of the launched abstract.
- At the end of the lesson, students formulate brief conclusions.
Equipment: Tutorials, wall "political map of the world", atlas maps, distributing material, computer, projector, screen, presentation.
During the classes
I. Class organization.
II. Studying a new material.
Introduction to the topic.(Slide 1)
Defining goals.
Today, we must find out the characteristic features and components of the HTR, show that the HTR is a single complex system.
Epigraph. (Slide 2)
Acquaintance of students with the stages of the lesson and with the task of the lesson. (Slide 3)
Lecture Plan: (Slide 4)
- Scientific and technical revolution
- Characteristic features of the HTR.
- Components of the HTR.
- The concept of geographic information systems.
1. Work with the concept of HTR. (Slides 5-6)
Teacher:When studying this topic, we have to turn to one of the most significant, global development processes of the entire modern world - to the scientific and technical revolution.
The entire history of the development of human society is inextricably linked with scientific and technical progress. But there are periods when fast and deep changes in the productive forces of humanity occur.
There was a period of industrial coup in the XVIII-XIX centuries. In a number of countries in the world, when the machine came to replace the manual work. In the XIX century, a steam engine was invented in England, the invention of the conveyor was played a huge role in the development of industrial production. For the first time it was applied to the United States in the production of cars.
The steam engine has become a "primary" cell of the industrial revolution in the last century, and the "primary" cell of the modern RTR became a computer. Modern HTR began in the middle of the 20th century. In all countries, it is manifested in different ways and therefore we can say that it is still not completed. But a new industrial revolution is already growing in the world. What it will be - will show the future.
Conversation with class
Questions:
- The word "revolution" in various dictionaries has the following interpretation. (Students quote the definition of "revolution" from different dictionaries)
- What unites all these definitions?
- Walievable definition did you give HTR?
- What is the difference between the concepts of scientific and technical progress and HTR?
Answer:
The task:Analyze the two wording, compare them and find, what is the main difference between two phenomena?
Answer:
Modern science has become a discoveries industry, a powerful stimulator for the development of technology.
2. Characteristic features of HTR. (Slide 7)
1) universality, inclusion. (Slides 8-10)
HTR touched on all countries of the world and all spheres of geographic shell, outer space. The HTR transforms all industries, the nature of labor, life, culture, psychology of people. NTR symbols: rocket, TV, computer, etc.
HTR comprehension can be characterized geographically, because Thanks to the HTR, in our lexicon, the words satellite, an atom, robot appeared.
Question:Name the new technique that appeared at your home over the past 10 years. What technique does not know how to use your grandmother, mom?
2) Acceleration of scientific and technical transformations. (Slide 11)
It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between the scientific discovery and its introduction into production. Moral wear occurs earlier than physical, so for some classes, the repair of cars lose sense (for example: computers, video cameras, televisions, etc.)
Working with a textbook
The task:
- Find an example in the additional text (C.103), which would confirm this feature of the HTR.
- Analyze the table, draw conclusions.
3) Improving the qualifications of labor resources. (Slide 12)
In all spheres of human activity, the proportion of mental labor has increased, its intellectualization has occurred.
Employees with higher education are in demand in the Epoch, the proportion of mental workers has increased. This also applies to you. Having finished the university, you will easily find an interesting and high-paying job.
4) Military Technical Revolution. (Slide 13)
It originated in the years of World War II. She started the explosion of an atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, after which the armament race began between the two powerful powers of the United States and the USSR. Throughout the period of the Cold War, the HTR was focused on using the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes. But after entering the first nuclear power plant and the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, many countries make it all in order to direct the NTR to achieve peaceful purposes.
3. Composite parts of the HTR.(Slide 14)
The NTR is a single complex system, parts of which closely interact with each other.
1) science and knowledge . (Slides 15-17)
Science in the Epoch of HTR has become a complex complex of knowledge. Science is at the same time a complex of knowledge and a special sphere of human activity. For many countries, the development of science is the task number 1.
In the world there are from 5 to 6 million scientists. At the same time, in the United States, Germany, Japan, France and the United Kingdom account for more than 80% of researchers, more than 80% of all investments in science, almost all inventions, patents, licenses and awarded Nobel Prize.
- In developed countries, by the number of scientists and engineers, occupy: 1 place - USA, 2nd place - Japan, Western European countries (Russia is included in this group).
Especially increasing the connection of science with production, which is becoming more and more native(The knowledge intensity is measured by the level (share) of the costs of scientific research and development in the total cost of this or that products).
However, the differences between developed and developing countries in the field of science are especially Great:
- Expenses for science in developed countries amount to 2-3% of GDP;
- In developing countries, science costs on average do not exceed 0.5% of GDP.
2) Technique and technology. (Slide 18)
Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries.
The purpose of the new technologies is to increase the environmental activity of production, labor productivity, resource saving and nature conservation.
In the production of environmental equipment and the introduction of the latest environmental technologies, Germany and the United States are allocated. In addition to the fact that these countries are leading in the production and use of environmental technologies, Germany is still the main country-provider of them to the world market.
Two ways of development of technology technology in a modern NTR:
- Evolutionary Path
- Revolutionary way
(Slide 19)
a) Evolutionary Way (Further improvement of technology and technology)
(Slide 20)
Question to class:Give examples of the evolutionary way of development of equipment and technology.
Answer:
Improving the technique that was produced at the beginningXX century - cars, airplanes, machine tools, blast furnaces, ships.
For example, in the early 50s, the largest sea tanker accompanied up to 50 thousand tons of oil, in the 60s - 100, 200, 300 thousand tons, in the 70s. There were vessels tankers with a carrying capacity of over 500 thousand tons. The largest marine tankers are built in Japan and in France.
However, such a giantomania does not always justify itself, since not all seaports can accept and serve such large transport. After all, the length of the vessel reaches 480 m, the width is about 63 m, the sediment with the cargo of such a tanker has up to 30 meters. Rowing screw is equal to the height of the three-storey house, the deck takes - 2.5 hectares)
b) revolutionary path (Transition to fundamentally new equipment and technology).
He finds the most vivid expression in the production of electronic equipment. If earlier they talked about the "century of textiles", the "century of the car", now they are talking about the "age of electronics".
A breakthrough to new technologies has great importance. The "second wave" of the HTR, which manifested in the 70s. referred to as a microelectronic revolution, because The invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can be compared with the invention of the wheel, steaming machine or electricity. (Slides 21-26)
The task:Analyze the text of the textbook on page 94, as well as additional material on C.115.
Output (Pupils do independently): The revolutionary path is the main path in the development of equipment and technology in the Epoch of the HTR.
3) Production: Six main directions of development.(Slides 27-29)
Question: Name the main directions of production development. (Pupils have a distribution material for which you can answer the question supplied by the teacher)
a) Electronizationmeans the saturation of all areas of human activity by the ECT funds. Electronic industry - the brainchild of the HTR.
For example:
- in education - computerization of schools, connecting them to the Internet;
- in medicine - ultrasound, computed tomography, microsurgery development, computer x-ray;
- in connection - cell phones.
The electronic industry is in the full sense of the brainchild of the HTR. It will largely determine the entire RF.
This industry has received the greatest development in the USA, Japan, Germany, NIS Asia.
b) Comprehensive automation. (Slides 30-34)
Began in the 50s due to the appearance of a computer. The new round of development fell on the 70s of the XX century, and it is connected with the advent of microprocessors and microevm. Robotics develops rapidly, special success in this area reached Japan. In the country for every 10,000 workers employed in the automotive industry, there are 800 robots, whereas in the USA - 300. The scope of the robots in our time is limitless.
(c) Perestroika energy economy. (Slides 35-37)
The restructuring of the energy facilities is related to the ever-growing needs of the countries of the world in electricity. Existing traditional power plants no longer cope with the load. Therefore, the world's largest attention is paid to the construction of nuclear power plants.
In the world by the beginning of the XXI century, more than 450 nuclear power units were involved. Countries Leaders: USA, France, Japan, FRG, Russia, Ukraine. However, in recent years, due to the difficulties of using nuclear power plants, many countries fear environmental impacts, and developed countries of the world paid attention to alternative energy.
(d) Production of new materials. (Slides 38, 39)
The requirements of modern production to black and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as to the chemical industry, which produces synthetic polymers, steadily increase. But it caused fundamentally new compositional, semiconductor, metal-ceramic materials to life. In the chemical industry is mastered the release of optical fiber.
A special role in the production of new materials is given "Metals of the XX Century": Beryllium, Lithium, Titan. Titan A currently is Metal No. 1 for the aerospace industry, atomic shipbuilding, as it is lightweight and refractory metal.
(e) Accelerated development of biotechnology. (Slides 40-42)
The direction arose in the 70s and develops ahead of the pace. Biotechnology applies traditional knowledge and modern technology to change the genetic material of plants, animals and microbes in order to create new products.
Biotechnology makes a significant contribution to improving health care, an increase in food production, forest restoration, increased productivity in industry, disinfecting water, cleaning hazardous waste.
Biotechnology results can be seen now. This is the creation of clones, and modified products. Increasingly, we hear about the discoveries of medical scientists in the field of genetic engineering.
Biotechnology programs that are used in mining mineral resources are of great importance. Biotechnology in the USA, Japan, Germany, France is especially successfully developed.
f) Cosmization. (Slide 43)
The development of cosmonautics led to the emergence of another newest high-tech industry - aerospace industry. The use of space only for military purposes has ended with the "Cold War".
Cosmos more and more becomes the place where the countries of the world cooperate. It is used to study the Earth, in fisheries, in agriculture, to obtain new materials under vacuum conditions.
It was the space snapshots that confirmed the theory of Vegener "On the movement of lithospheric plates". The results of cosmic studies have a huge impact on the development of fundamental sciences.
4) Control:on the way to high information culture. (Slide 44)
The modern stage of the HTR is characterized by new requirements for managing modern production. It is incredibly more complicated and requires special training.
For example: when carrying out space programs, such as landing on the moon, research and landing of the descent devices on the planet of the solar system, a person landing on the moon, it happens to several tens of thousands of various firms that should work in a consistent mode.
Only people can lead such programs, perfectly owning management science. At the end of the 20th century, a special science of managing appears - cybernetics . At the same time, this is the science of information.
Information flow grows every day. That is why the transition from paper information to the machine is so important. There are new specialties that have not previously existing: a programmer, a computer operator and others.
We live in the Epoch of the Informational Explosion. Nowadays, there are already global information space. A large role in its creation is given to the Internet.
This is a real telecommunications "web", which enveloped the whole world. Application of the Internet in full swing is in education. She did not bypass and geographic science, which appeared a new direction - geographic informatics .
4. Geoinformatics contributed to the creation of geo-information systems.
(GIS - represents a contact with the complex of all-associated means of obtaining, storing, processing, selection and issuing geographic information.)
Geoinformatics is one of the main directions of the compound of geographic science with the achievements of the modern stage of the HTR.
III. Lesson results:
1) Schever check.
2) Fixing:
Task on NTR:Determine the location listed below in the table:
- Production of new materials.
- Comprehensive automation.
- Rearrangement of energy economy.
- Accelerated development of biotechnology.
- Acceleration of scientific and technical transformations.
- Cosmization.
- Improving qualifications requirements.
- National NTR as a military-technical revolution.
- Universality and inclusion.
- Electronization.
At the end of the lecture should remain time for questions. Questions received at lectures need to record, collect, systematize and explore.
IV.. Homework
- Topic 4, §1 in tutorial V.P. Maxakovsky "Economic and Social Geography of the World"
- Prepare presentations on topics:
- "Using NTR achievements in geography",
- "Development of biotechnologies in the modern world", "Cosmos and NTR"
Interesting Facts
In the first half of the 20th century, the scope of scientific information was doubled every 50 years, in the middle of the century - 10 years, in the 70-80 years - 5-7 years, in the XXI century - 3-5 years.
In 1900, 10 thousand magazines were published worldwide, and at the beginning of the 21st century - more than 1 million.
Only in geography today 700 magazines are published and 10 thousand names of books per year are published.
And in the world, 800 thousand names of books and brochures are published annually in general circulation of more than 15 billion copies.
The modern scientific and technical revolution entailed fundamental changes in human society, in production, in the interaction of society with the environment.
However, it should be noted that the most successfully developing HTRs in developed countries of the world, while most countries of Africa, Oceania, some countries of Asia and Latin America are far from development in their own country of HTR achievements.
Literature
- Smooth J.N., Lavrov S.B.Economic and social geography of the world. - M.: Enlightenment, 2006.
- Smooth J.N., Lavrov S.B. Global geography. - M.: Enlightenment, 2001.
- Maksakovsky V.P. Methodological manual "Economic and Social Geography of the World" - M.: Education, 2006.
- Maksakovsky V.P. New in the world. Figures and facts. - M.: Drop, 1999
The lesson is the first in the new section. This video tutorial is the "characteristic of the Scientific and Technical Revolution" shows us the importance of modern scientific progress, the role of science in modern economy from a geographical point of view in a spatial aspect. The lesson will help assimilate the basic concepts about the scientific and technical revolution (HTR) and determine its characteristic features and features. The teacher will tell what role scientific and technological progress is performed, including in geography.
Topic: Scientific and Technical Revolution and World Economy
Lesson:Characteristics of the Scientific and Technical Revolution
All the development of society is associated with technical progress. Scientific and technical progress provides progressive development of the Company's productive forces.
Scientific and technical revolution (HTR)- indigenous, high-quality transformation of productive forces based on the transformation of science into a leading factor in the development of social production. The modern era of HTR came in the 40s - 50s. It was then that her main directions were originated and developed: the automation of production, control and control on the basis of electronics; The creation and application of new construction materials, the launch of the power unit on the Obninsk NPP, etc. With the advent of rocket and space technology, the development of the near-empty outer space.
For HTR, the following features are characteristic:
1. Universality and inclusion. HTR touched upon all countries of the world and all spheres of the geographic shell. HTR transforms all industries, ranging from production and ending with people's psychology. For modern HTR, the symbols are Internet, jet aircraft, computers, etc.
2. Acceleration of scientific and technical transformations. In particular, the time between scientific developments, discoveries and their implementation into production has been significantly reduced. Mobility, continuous update, improved products have become one of the main conditions for the development of most industries. In addition, technical innovations are constantly emerging that a person actively uses in everyday life and for its convenience.
3. HTR has sharply improved requirements for the skill level of labor resources. In modern society, the nature of labor is changing, its intellectualization occurs, i.e. The share and value of mental labor increases. Already many industries are already at scientific and qualified personnel.
4. Military-technical revolution. Most of the newest and modern developments are used in a military appointment, so the requests of military departments often have a significant impact on the development of science and technology.
IX.7. Scientific and technical revolution, its technological and social consequences
Scientific and technical revolution (HTR) is the concept used to designate those qualitative transformations that occurred in science and technology in the second half of the twentieth century. The beginning of the HTR refers to the mid-40s. Hchw. During it, the process of turning science in direct productive power is completed. The HTR changes the conditions, nature and content of labor, the structure of the productive forces, the public division of labor, the industry and professional structure of society, leads to a rapid growth of labor productivity, has an impact on all parties to the life of society, including culture, life, psychology of people, the relationship between society with nature .
Scientific and technical revolution is a long process that has two main prerequisites - scientific and technical and social. The progress of natural science at the end of the XIX was the most important role in the preparation of the HTR - at the beginning of the CHWR., As a result of which a native coup happened in views on matter and has developed a new picture of the world. Electronics, the phenomenon of radioactivity, X-rays, the theory of relativity and quantum theory were created. There was a breakthrough of science in the area of \u200b\u200bthe microworld and high speeds.
The revolutionary shift occurred in the technique, primarily under the influence of electricity supply in industry and transport. The radio was invented, gained widespread. Aviation was born. In the 40s Science solved the problem of splitting atomic nucleus. Humanity possessed atomic energy. Cybernetics occurred essential importance. Research on the creation of atomic reactors and an atomic bomb was for the first time for the first time, the cooperation of science and industry in the framework of the major national scientific and technical project was organized. This served as a school for the implementation of nationwide scientific and technical research programs.
There was a sharp increase in the appropriation for science, the number of research institutions. 1 Scientific activity has become a mass profession. In the II and Half 50. Under the influence of the success of the USSR in the study of space and the Soviet experience of the organization and planning of science, most countries began the creation of national planning and scientific management bodies. Improved direct links between scientific and technical developments, the use of scientific achievements in production was accelerated. In the 50s. Create and get widespread use in scientific research, production, and then the control of electronic computing machines (computers), which have become a symbol of HTR. Their appearance marks the beginning of the gradual transmission of the machine for performing the elementary logic functions of a person. The development of informatics, computing equipment, microprocessors and robotics has created the conditions for the transition to the integrated automation of production and management. EUM is a fundamentally new type of technology, changing the position of a person in the production process.
At the present stage of its development, the scientific and technical revolution is characterized by the following basic features.
one). . Expressing science in direct productive force as a result of a merger coup in science, technology and production, strengthening the interaction between them and reducing the timing from the birth of a new scientific idea to its production incarnation. one
2). A new phase of public division of labor associated with the transformation of science into the leading sphere of the development of society.
3). The quality transformation of all elements of the productive forces - the objects of labor, the producers of production and the worker himself; Increasing intensification of the entire production process due to its scientific organization and rationalization, continuous renewal of technology, energy savings, decreased material consideration, capital intensity and product time consumption. The new knowledge gained by the Company makes it possible to reduce the costs of raw materials, equipment and labor, repeatedly paying off the costs of scientific research and technical developments.
4) change in the nature and content of labor, increasing the role of creative elements in it; The transformation of the production process from a simple labor process into the scientific process.
five). The emergence on this basis logistical prerequisites for reduced manual labor and replace it with mechanized. In the future, the production automation is based on the use of electronic computers.
6). Creation of new sources of energy and artificial materials with predetermined properties.
7). A huge increase in social and economic importance of information activities, gigantic development of media communications .
eight). The level of general and special education and culture of the population.
nine). An increase in free time.
10). Increasing the interaction of sciences, a comprehensive study of complex problems, the role of social sciences.
eleven). A sharp acceleration of all social processes, further internationalization of all human activity on the scale of the planet, the emergence of the so-called global problems.
Along with the main features of the HTR, certain stages of its development and the main scientific and technical and technological directions are characteristic of these stages.
Achievements in the field of atomic physics (the implementation of the chain nuclear reaction that discovered the path to the creation of atomic weapons), the successes of molecular biology (expressed in the disclosure of the genetic role of nucleic acids, deciphering the DNA molecule and its subsequent biosynthesis), as well as the appearance of cybernetics (which established a certain analogy between alive Organisms and some technical devices that are information converters) gave the launch of the scientific and technical revolution and determined the main natural science directions of its first stage. This stage, which began in the 40s - 50s of the twentieth century, lasted almost until the end of the 70s. The main technical directions of the first stage of HTRs were atomic energy, electronic computing equipment (which became the technical base of cybernetics) and rocket-space technology.
Since the end of the 70s, the second stage of the HTR, which is still ongoing, began. The newest technologies that were not in the middle of the twentieth century were the most important characteristic of this NTR stage (because of which the second stage of the NTR received even the name of the "scientific and technological revolution"). Such newest technologies include flexible automated production, laser technology, biotechnology, etc. At the same time, the new RTR stage not only did not drop many traditional technologies, but allowed much to increase their effectiveness. For example, flexible automated production systems for processing the subject of labor still use traditional cutting and welding, and the use of new structural materials (ceramics, plastics) has significantly improved the characteristics of the known internal combustion engine. "Raising the famous limits of many traditional technologies, the modern stage of scientific and technological progress brings them, as it appears today, to the" absolute "exhaustion of the opportunities laid in them and thereby prepares the prerequisites for even more decisive coup in the development of productive forces." one
The essence of the second stage of the HTR, defined as the "Scientific and Technological Revolution", is an objectively natural transition from various kinds of external, in the advantage of mechanical, impacts on labor items to high-tech (submicron) impacts at the level of microstructure as inanimate and living matter. Therefore, it is not random the role that the HTR engineering and nanotechnology acquired at this stage.
Over the past decades, the range of research in the field of genetic engineering has significantly expanded: from obtaining new microorganisms with predetermined properties and prior to cloning of higher animals (and in a possible perspective of the person himself). The end of the twentieth century was marked by unprecedented successes in deciphering the genetic basis of a person. In 1990 The international project "Human Genome" started, the goal of obtaining a complete genetic card Homo Sapiens. This project takes part more than twenty countries most developed countries, including Russia.
Description of the human genome scientists managed to get significantly earlier than planned terms (2005-2010). Already on the eve of the new, XXI century, sensational results were achieved in the implementation of the specified project. It turned out that in the human genome - from 30 to 40 thousand genes (instead of those who were previously 80-100 thousand). It is not much more than that of the worm (19 thousand genes) or flies-drosophila (13.5 thousand). However, according to the director of the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician E. Sverdlova, "complain that we have less genes than it was supposed to be too early. First, as the organisms are complicated, the same gene performs much more functions and is able to encode a greater number of proteins. Secondly, there is a mass of combinatorial options, which are not in ordinary organisms. Evolution is very economical: to create a new one engaged in "overflow" of the old, and not inventing everything again. In addition, even the most elementary particles, such as a gene, are actually incredibly complex. Science will simply come to the next level of knowledge. " 2.
The decoding of the human genome gave a huge, qualitatively new scientific information for the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, it turned out that it was not possible to use this scientific wealth of the pharmaceutical industry today. We need new technologies that will appear as expected in the next 10-15 years. It was then that the reality of medicines coming directly to the patient, bypassing all side effects. A new level of transplantology will be released, cell and gene therapy will be developed, medical diagnosis will change radically, etc.
Another of the promising directions in the field of new technologies is nanotechnology. The sphere of nanotechnology is one of the promising directions in the field of new technologies - steel processes and phenomena occurring in a microworld measured by nanometers, i.e. Billionth groups of meters (one nanometer is approximately 10 atoms located close one by one). In the late 50s of the twentieth century, a major American physicist R. Finman suggested that the ability to build electrical chains from several atoms could have a "huge number of technological applications." However, then this assumption of the future of the Nobel laureate was not perceived seriously. one
In the future, research in the field of physics of semiconductor nanotherostructures laid the foundations of new information and communication technologies. The achieved successes in these studies that are of great importance for the development of optoelectronics and electronics of high speeds were noted in 2000 by the Nobel Prize in Physics, which was divided by the Russian scientist, Academician J.A. Alferov and American scientists. Kremera and J. Kilby.
High growth rates in the 80s - 90s of the twentieth century of the information and technological industry were a consequence of the universal nature of the use of information technologies, their widespread dissemination in almost all sectors of the economy. In the course of economic development, the effectiveness of material production was increasingly determined by the scale of use and the qualitative level of the development of the innocent production sphere. This means that a new resource is involved in the production system - information (scientific, economic, technological, organizational and management), which, integrating with the production process, largely precedes it, determines its compliance with changing conditions, completes the transformation of production processes in scientific and production .
Starting from the 80s of the twentieth century, first in Japanese, then the term "Softization of the economy" was distributed in Western economic literature. Its origin is due to the transformation of the innocent component of information and computing systems ("soft" means of software, mathematical support) into a decisive factor in improving the efficiency of their use (compared to the improvement of their real, "solid" hardware). It can be said that "... an increase in the influence of an intangible component on the entire course of reproduction is the essence of the concept of software." one
Softization of production as a new technical and economic trend identified those functional shifts in economic practice, which were distributed during the deployment of the second stage of the HTR. A distinctive feature of this stage "... lies in the simultaneous coverage of almost all elements and stages of material and intangible production, consumption sector, creating prerequisites for a new level of automation. This level provides for the combination of processes of development, production and sale of products and services into a single continuous stream based on the interaction of developing developing today in many ways independently of such areas of automation, as information and data networks and banks, flexible automated production, automatic design systems, CNC machines, Transportation and accumulation systems and technological processes, robotics complexes. The basis for such integration is the widespread involvement in the production consumption of a new resource - information, which opens ways to transform discrete previous production processes into continuous, creates prerequisites for waste from taylorism. When laying automated systems, a modular principle is used, as a result of which the problem of operational change, equipping the equipment becomes an organic part of the technology and is made with minimal costs and practically no time loss. " 2.
The second stage of the HTR was in a significant test associated with such a technological breakthrough as the emergence and rapid spread of microprocessors on large integrated circuits (the so-called "microprocessor revolution"). This largely led to the formation of a powerful information and industrial complex comprising electronically computing engineering, microelectronic industry, production of electronic communications and a variety of continuous and household equipment. The specified large complex of industries and services services is focused on informational services of both social production and personal consumption (a personal computer, for example, has already become an ordinary home for domestic use).
The decisive invasion of microelectronics changes the composition of the basic funds in intangible production, primarily in the credit and financial sector, trade, health care. But this does not exhaust the effect of microelectronics on the sphere of intangible production. New industries are being created, the scale of which are comparable to the industries of material production. For example, in the USA, the implementation of the means of mathematical support and services related to computers, already in the 80s, has exceeded the volume of production of such major branches of the American economy as an aircraft, or machine tool.
On the agenda of modern science - the creation of a quantum computer (QC). There are several directions intensively developed currently: solid-state KK on semiconductor structures, liquid computers, CC on "quantum threads", on high-temperature semiconductors, etc. In fact, all sections of modern physics are presented in attempts to solve this problem. one
While you can only talk about achieving some preliminary results. Quantum computers are still designed. But when they leave the limits of laboratories, the world will become different in a lot. The expected technological breakthrough should exceed the achievement of the "semiconductor revolution", as a result of which vacuum electronic lamps gave way to silicon crystals.
Thus, the scientific and technological revolution entailed the restructuring of the entire technical basis, the technological method of production. At the same time, she aroused serious changes in the social structure of society, influenced the areas of education, leisure, etc.
Can be traced which changes occur in society under the influence of scientific and technological progress. Changes in the production structure are characterized by the following numbers . 2 At the beginning of the XIX century, almost 75 percent of the workforce were employed in US agriculture; To his middle, this share was reduced to 65 percent, while at the beginning of the 40s of the 20th century it fell to 20, decreasing three times in one hundred and fifty years. Meanwhile, over the past five decades, it has decreased even eight times and is today, according to various estimates, from 2.5 to 3 percent. Essentially differing in absolute values, but completely coinciding in their dynamics, such processes developed in the same years in most European countries. At the same time, there was no less dramatic change in the share of employed in industry. If, at the end of the First World War, the share of agricultural workers, industry and services (primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of production) were approximately equal, then by the end of World War II, the share of the tertiary sector was superior to the proportion of primary and secondary together. If in 1900, 63 percent of the Americans employed in the national economy produced material benefits, and 37 - services, in 1990 this ratio was already 22 to 78, and the most significant changes occurred from the beginning of the 50s, when the cumulative employment growth in agriculture, mining and manufacturing industries, in construction, transport and utilities, that is, in all industries that can be attributed to the field of material production to one degree or another.
In the 70s in the West countries (in Germany since 1972, in France - from the 1975th, and then in the United States) began an absolute reduction in employment in material production, and in the first place - in the material intensive sectors of mass production. If in general on the US manufacturing industry from 1980 to 1994 employment decreased by 11 percent, then in the metallurgy recession amounted to more than 35 percent. Trends revealed over the past decades seem to be irreversible today; Thus, experts predict that in the next ten years 25 of the 26 jobs created in the United States will come to the sphere of services, and the total share of employees engaged in it will be 83 percent of the total labor force by 2025. If in the early 80s the proportion of workers directly occupied in production transactions did not exceed 12 percent in the US, today it decreased to 10 percent and continues to decline; However, there are more sharp assessments that determine this indicator at less than 5 percent of the total number of employed. So, in Boston, one of the development centers of high technology, in 1993, 463 thousand people were employed in the service sector, whereas directly in production - only 29 thousand at the same time, these very impressive data should not, in our opinion, serve The basis for recognizing the new society "Society of Services".
The volume of material goods produced and consumed by the society under the conditions of expansion of the service economy is not reduced, but is growing. Back in the 50s, J. Purasty noted that the production base of the modern farm remains and will remain the basis on which the development of new economic and social processes occurs, and its importance should not be understood. The share of industrial production in the US GNP in the first half of the 90s ranged between 22.7 and 21.3 percent, very slightly decreased since 1974, and for EU countries, it was about 20 percent (from 15 percent in Greece to 30 V FRGs) . At the same time, the growth of material goods is increasingly ensured by improving the performance of employees employed in their creation. If in 1800 the American farmer spent on the production of 100 bushels of grain 344 hours of labor, and in the 1900th - 147, then today it takes only three people-hours; In 1995, the average labor productivity in the manufacturing industry was five times higher than in the 1950s.
Thus, modern society is not characterized by an obvious drop in the share of material production and can hardly be called the "Society of Services". We, speaking of reducing the role and importance of material factors, we mean that the increasing share of public wealth is not the material conditions of production and labor, but knowledge and information that become the main resource of modern production in any form.
The formation of modern society as a system based on the production and consumption of information and knowledge began in the 50s. Already in the early 60s, some researchers were assessed by the share of the "knowledge industry" in the US Groval National Product ranging from 29.0 to 34.5 percent. Today, this indicator is determined at 60 percent. Employment estimates in the information sectors were even higher: so, in 1967, the share of the information sector workers was 53.5 percent of total employment, and in the 80s G.G. There were estimates that achieved 70 percent. Knowledge as direct productive strength becomes the most important factor in modern farm, and the sector creates the sector turns out to provide the economy in the most significant and important resource of production. There is a transition from expanding the use of material resources to reduce the need for them.
Some examples illustrate this with very evidence. Only for the first decade of the "information" era, from the mid-70s to the mid-80s, the gross national product of post-industrial countries increased by 32 percent, and energy consumption is 5; In the same years, with an increase in gross product by more than 25 percent, American agriculture has reduced energy consumption of 1.65 times. With a 2.5-fold national product, the United States is used today less ferrous metals than in 1960; From 1973 to 1986, gasoline consumption by an average new American car decreased from 17.8 to 8.7 l / 100 km, and the share of materials in the cost of microprocessors used in modern computers does not exceed 2 percent. As a result, over the past hundred years, the physical mass of American exports remained actually unchanged in annual expression, despite the twenty-time growth of its real value. At the same time, there is a rapid reduction of the most high-tech products, promoting them to widespread in all spheres of the economy: so, from 1980 to 1995 the memory of the standard personal computer has increased more than 250 times, and its price at the rate of the hard disk memory has decreased between 1983 And 1995 more than 1,800 times. As a result, the economy of "unlimited resources" occurs, the boundlessness of which is not caused by the scale of production, but by a reduction in the need for them.
Consumption of information products is constantly increasing. In 1991, the costs of American companies for the acquisition of information and information technologies who have reached $ 112 billion exceeded the cost of acquiring the main production funds, which were $ 107 billion; Already the next year, the gap between these figures rose to $ 25 billion. Finally, by 1996, the first indicator increased in fact, up to $ 212 billion, while the second remained almost unchanged. By the beginning of 1995, in the American economy, about three-quarters of the value added, created in industry, were produced in the American economy. With the development of the information sector, the economy is becoming increasingly obvious that knowledge is the most important strategic asset of any enterprise, a source of creativity and innovations, the basis of modern values \u200b\u200band social progress - that is, a truly unlimited resource.
Thus, the development of modern society leads not so much to the replacement of the production of material goods by the production of services, how much to displacing the material components of the finished product of information constitues. The consequence of this is to reduce the role of raw material resources and labor as basic production factors, which is a prerequisite for the waste from the mass creation of reproducible benefits as the basis of the welfare of society. Demissification and dematerialization of production are an objective component of processes leading to the formation of a post-economic society.
On the other hand, over the past decades there is a different, no less important and significant process. We mean a decline in the role and importance of material incentives that encourage people to be produced.
All of the above allows us to conclude that scientific and technological progress leads to the global transformation of society. The Company enters into a new phase of its development, which many sociologists are defined as "Information Society".
