MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY
GOU VPO "TATAR STATE
HUMANITARIAN-PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY "
FACULTY OF TATAR PHILOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE LANGUAGE
The question of the pronoun as a part of speech in Russian grammar
students of group 07-0502 Mukhametzyanova Razili Agalyamzyanovna
Scientific adviser: associate professor, candidate of philological sciences Islamova E.A.
KAZAN 2009
pronoun speech grammatical semantic
Introduction
Chapter I. History of the study of pronouns as a part of speech
Chapter III. Semantic and functional features of pronouns
Chapter IV. Grammatical properties of pronouns
1 Initial pronouns
2 Inanimate, inanimate pronouns
3 Declination of pronouns
Chapter V. Bits of correlation with other parts of speech
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
Part of speech is the main grammatical category in Russian, and the study of morphological features different parts speech is the main task of the morphology course.
The concept of parts of speech took shape in Russian linguistics gradually, difficult, and there are still many controversial issues related to the theory of parts of speech. For example: the very composition of the parts of speech in modern Russian is the subject of discussion; is there such a part of speech as a category of state; what is the status of participles and gerunds (verb forms or independent parts of speech); position and composition of modal words, etc.
The main criteria for the selection of parts of speech and the distribution of words by parts of speech were not immediately found and formulated.
Academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov most fully and clearly summed up all the diversity of opinions, proposed a reasoned classification of the parts of speech in his work "Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of the word)" (Moscow, 1946).
The classification of parts of speech in Russian is based on certain principles.
To highlight words in some part of speech, it is necessary to take into account the entire complex of semantic, derivational, morphological and syntactic features; one-sided selection of any of these signs is unacceptable.
Modern linguistics is characterized by the desire to study the most complex phenomena of the language, which have not found a deep unambiguous interpretation; therefore, the attention that has been paid to pronouns in the last 25-30 years cannot be considered surprising.
The status of pronouns as an integral part of speech is disputed in both traditional and modern grammar. So, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov considered pronouns to be an official part of speech, Academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov actually called pronouns only subject-personal. All this is explained by the fact that within this class of words, words that differ in their grammatical and semantic features coexist. In particular, some pronouns have a gender category (for example, determinants, demonstratives), while others do not; some pronouns have a category of a person (for example, personal), while others do not; some change in numbers (for example, determinative, indicative), while others do not change (for example, negative, some interrogative-relative).
The relevance of the chosen topic, therefore, is due to the need for further theoretical understanding of the problem of pronouns.
The aim of the work is to show the place occupied by pronouns in Russian grammar.
The following tasks were set:
consider the history of learning pronouns;
show the semantic and functional features of these words;
parse the grammatical properties of pronouns;
parse the relationship of pronouns with other parts of speech.
The object of this work is the parts of speech in Russian, and the subject is the pronoun in Russian as a part of speech.
CHAPTER I. HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF NONNONS AS A PART OF SPEECH
One of the important and debatable issues is the issue of the allocation of pronouns in a special part of speech. In the history of the study of pronominatives, two opposing points of view are clearly traced: some scholars consider pronouns a special part of speech (M.V. Lomonosov, A.Kh. Vostokov, A.N. Gvozdev), others deny them independence and distribute them according to the significant parts of speech ( A. A. Potebnya, A. M. Peshkovsky, V. N. Migirin). Academician V.V. Vinogradov refers to pronouns only subject-personal and pronominatives derived from them. Contradictory and incompletely presented, according to E.N.Sidorenko, pronouns in one of the fundamental works recent years- "Russian grammar". Rejecting pronominatives in the status of a part of speech, the authors of grammar at the same time distinguish "pronouns-nouns" into an independent class of words and place them among the significant parts of speech in the same row with nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs. The only motivation for such a distribution is the discrepancy between the categories of gender, number and case in nouns and the corresponding pronominatives.
Some linguists, considering pronouns as a separate part of speech, in the future, contradicting themselves, distribute them according to the significant parts of speech. So, AA Shakhmatov, defining pronouns as an independent part of speech, further divides them into pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [Sidorenko 1990: 5].
The European grammatical tradition, dating back to antiquity, considers pronouns as one of the parts of speech; this treatment of pronouns is preserved in descriptive grammars. However, in some grammatical theories of the 20th century, pronouns are considered grammatically heterogeneous and are divided into parts of speech in accordance with their main syntactic functions. In this case, pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives are included in the composition of a broader semantic class of pronominal elements, the volume of which is determined by researchers in different ways. Some emphasize the connection between the meaning of pronouns and the speech situation. In this case, they are defined as "indicative (deictic) words" (K. Brugman, K. Buhler, U. Weinreich), "indices" or "indicators" (C. S. Pierce, V. Collinson), "words with a variable signification "(A. Nuren)," movable determinants "or" shifters "(O. Espersen, R.O. Jacobson)," actualizers "or" means of transition from language to speech "(C. Bally, E. Benveniste), words with "subjective-objective" lexical meaning (A. M. Peshkovsky).
Other researchers emphasize the "substitutive" function of pronouns, calling them "substitutive words" or "substitutes" (L. V. Shcherba, L. Bloomfield, Z. Z. Harris), "representatives" (F. Bruno), etc. .; sometimes the term "Pronoun" is used to designate substitute words (Peshkovsky, MV Panov). The first tendency often leads to the exclusion of quantifier words from the composition of pronouns, the second allows to cover quantifiers.
Pronouns-nouns in many languages, including Russian, have special morphological features that distinguish them from other nouns. In this regard, Russian pronouns-nouns are sometimes qualified as a "relic of a special part" (V.V. Vinogradov), as a part of speech (academic grammars) or, together with inconsistent numerals, are classified as an "inconsistent-countless" grammatical category (A.A. Zaliznyak) [Linguistic 2002: 294].
Considering the obvious grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, F.F. adjective and numeral. In turn, A. A. Shakhmatov, L. A. Bulakhovsky, A. N. Gvozdev, and others continued to classify all words with deictic, anaphoric and quantifier semantic functions (except, of course, pronominal adverbs, verbs, etc.) to one part of speech - a pronoun (the same view is reflected in the academic "Grammar of the Russian language" (1952-1954) and in most school textbooks).
The point of view of V.V. Vinogradov, which is strictly scientifically grounded, is of interest. Unlike scientists who do not consider pronouns to be part of speech, and from scientists who call pronouns grammatically different words with pronominal semantics, Vinogradov argued that in the Russian language there is a special part of speech - the pronoun, but not all words with pronouns belong to it. meaning, but only pronouns (in Vinogradov's terminology - subject-personal pronouns) [Modern 2000: 296].
According to its categorical meaning, the pronoun is opposed to all the significant parts of speech, the main function of which is the nominative function. The pronoun does not name anything, but only indicateson objects, on signs, on quantity, on various circumstantial relationships, therefore the categorical meaning of the pronoun is indication without name... This meaning is combined with more particular meanings: interrogative, negative, indefinite, etc. When characterizing pronouns, the term "indication" is used twice: in broad meaning(denotes the categorical meaning of the entire class of pronouns) and in a narrow sense (to denote the semantics of one of the categories - demonstrative pronouns - this thatand etc.). Therefore, the term "deictic" (indication) is also used to characterize the categorical meaning of a pronoun.
The ability to indicate a particular object or a feature of an object is carried out in pronouns due to their lexical and grammatical meaning, which has a generalized nature: for example, the word I amdenotes an animated object, a person (i.e. a person), one person, a speaking person, i.e. one who makes a speech; youdenotes an animated object, a person (i.e., a person), one person, an interlocutor, listening, i.e. the one to whom the speech is addressed; hedenotes any one male object (person and not a person) or an object named by a masculine noun: he - House, an object that does not participate in a speech act, that is, it indicates the object that is being spoken about; somebody- unknown, animate object, anyone- any of the many animate objects; which- an indication of the attribute of an object, someindefinite sign, any- any of a variety of features, etc.
Only then can a pronoun indicate an object or sign when the properties of the object or the word that calls it coincide with the lexical and grammatical properties of the pronoun: book -she that ; tit -she, who ; unknown bird -some bird; unknown knocked on the window -somebody knocked on the windowetc. [Contemporary 2001: 141].
Name and indication are different ways language designation.
When characterizing pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that it is syncretic in nature. Part of speech, combining the features of a proper pronoun, as well as features of either a noun, or an adjective, or a numeral, or an adverb, or impersonal predicatives (words of the category of state) [Sidorenko 1990: 4].
It is necessary to distinguish pronouns from other parts of speech that are functional homonyms of pronouns. First of all, you should pay attention to the word myself (herself)... It can pass into the category of nouns, and in this case it acquires the meaning of "head", "owner" (husband), "mistress" (wife): Myself goes - self-leads(M. Gorky). As a noun, it can take on the meaning of "head of the institution": Myself something on a business trip.In the event that the word myselfdoes not substantivate, it retains the meaning of pronoun, adverb and particle. "Pronoun myself, which can act in the position of the circumstance, broke away from the subject and joined the predicate. However, the separation from the subject is not complete: the pronoun myselfcontinues to be consistent with the subject in terms of gender and number "[Migirin 1971: 94]. Therefore, when analyzing this word, one should note its syncretic nature: He solved all the questionsmyself …
Pronouns can also be substantiated your, your, your, while there is a change in their lexical meaning: noun minemeaning "relative": Your own reluctantly friend(last); "people with close convictions, friends": The workers knew Klychkov intimately, loved and consideredto their (D. Furmanov).
When analyzing pronouns and distinguishing them from homonymous words of other parts of speech, it should be remembered that the meanings of the pronoun and its functions depend on the context and situation.
It is necessary to distinguish between negative (negative-possessive) pronoun drawfrom a noun drawand the pronoun nothingfrom adverb nothing: The dog wasdraw (draw- pronoun); Divorce -draw ! - several voices shouted at once ...(M. Gorky) ( draw- noun); - Well, how are you, can you? -Nothing (F. Reshetnikov) ( nothing- adverb - "good"); Dark,nothing can not see(nothing- pronoun).
Special attention should be paid to cases when pronouns-nouns me, you, we, you, he, she, it, theythey lose the pronominal meaning of the indication (deictic meaning) and strengthen the meaning of objectivity, enrich it with specific content and pass into nouns. At the same time, their morphological properties also change: these words become unchangeable, acquire an unchangeable form of the neuter singular, change in cases, like words metro, cafe etc.
In negative pronouns with a prefix not-the properties of impersonal predicatives, or words of the category of state, are clearly expressed: no one, no one ..., no time, nowhere, nowhereand others [Contemporary 2001: 143].
CHAPTER III. SEMANTIC AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF NONNAMES
The pronoun problem is one of the most difficult problems in grammar. Pronouns are traditionally defined as a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them (who, you, this, some, several). This understanding is not currently generally accepted. In order to include pronouns in the system of parts of speech, one should take a closer look at the features of the meaning and formal indicators of pronoun words.
When studying the features of the meaning of pronouns, it is necessary to take into account that pronouns are characterized by three main semantic functions:
1)deictic function (< гр. Deixis - указание) - указание на условия речевого акта, соотнесение того, о чем говорится, с условиями речевого акта и его участниками (я "говорящий", ты "слушающий", вам "принадлежащий вам, т. е. слушающий", этот "находящийся вблизи от места речевого акта", тот "находящийся вдали" и т. п.);
2)anaphoric function (< гр. Anaphora - отнесение) - соотнесение элементов данного высказывания с другими частями текста, отсылка к сказанному ранее (такой "подобный или равный тому, о чем говорится", другой "не такой, о котором говорилось" и т. п.);
)quantifier function - an indication of the type of subject reference of a name, that is, the correlation of a name with various classes of objects and their attributes: with a class of objects or attributes about which the speaker would like to receive information from the listener (who?, what?, how much?), with a class of objects that are not known to the speaker or listener (and therefore indefinite) or signs of an object (someone, something, any, some); with a class of universal, universal characteristics (everything, anyone, everyone); with a class of objects and signs that do not include a given object or sign (no one, no one, not at all), etc.
By the nature of the functions performed, pronouns are divided into eight functional and semantic digits:
1. Personal: i, we(1st person) - indicate the speaker; you you(2nd person) - indicate the listener; he, she, it, they(3rd person) - indicate that (that), about whom something is said. The pronouns of the 1st and the 2nd person have a deictic function of referring to the participants in the speech act; pronouns of the third person are sometimes called personal-indicative, they combine a personal-deictic function with a situational-indicative (Here he goes) and even anaphoric (This is Petrov. He is leaving).
2. Returnablepronoun myselfperforms a deictic function and indicates the attitude of the producer of the action to himself: Since ancient times, the sweet union of poets between by myself will bind(Pushkin); Everywhere Onegin's soul myselfunwittingly expresses(Pushkin).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, ours, yours, yours; him, her, them(three last words- unwilling: here is his house, I see his house, rejoice at his house) are associated with deixis and anaphora - indicate that something belongs to the speaker, listener, or to someone who is being spoken about.
. Indicative: this, that, such, such, so much;outdated. what kind of, this, this- indications of objects, their quality and quantity have a general meaning. Depending on the situation of speech, they perform either deictic ( ittree is closer than that), or anaphoric function (Children scattered, and this ispuzzled the teacher).
5. Interrogative-relative:1) interrogative, containing a question about a subject, its characteristics, belonging or quantity: who, what, what, what(outdated. which), whose, which, how much(quantifier function); 2) relative - the pronouns listed above in the function of union words connecting the main part of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause: Whocannot take caress, he will not take it with severity (Ch.); Oh you, whichawaits the fatherland from its depths! (Scrap) - anaphoric function.
. Definitives: all, everyone, everyone, himself, himself, any, different, other; everybody, everybody- indicate a generalized feature of the subject (quantifier function).
7. Negative: nobody, nothing, no, nobody,and no one, nothingnot in the nominative case (quantifier function).
8. Undefined:someone, something, some, some, a few,as well as pronouns formed from interrogative-relative pronouns with the help of derivational elements something, something, something, something (someone, someone, something, something, someoneand others) - indicate unknown, indefinite objects, signs or quantities. Pronouns in this group also perform a quantifier function.
Pronoun words are a closed, unproductive lexical group; new pronouns do not appear in Russian. However, pronominal meanings can develop in some adjectives, nouns, numerals: thequestion (this one); knownmiscalculation (some); definitesuccess (some kind); laughter - a businessserious (something); lived oneperson (some kind).
CHAPTER IV. GRAMMATIC PROPERTIES OF PRONONS
By grammatical properties, pronouns are usually divided into three categories:
1. Subject-personalpronouns (pronouns): who, what, me, we, you, you, he, she, it, they, themselves, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone, something, something, something, something,and all(All will pass), everything, then, this -in part-of-speech meaning they are close to nouns, as they indicate objectivity. In a sentence, these pronouns perform the same functions as nouns - they are subjects or additions: I'll loved ... (P.)
2. Significantpronouns (pronoun adjectives): my, your, our, your, him, her, their, your, this, that, that, that, that, that, that, that, that, that, that, that, whose, that, that, that, himself, the very, all, everyone, everyone, everyone, any, other, other, some, some, some, some, some, someone, someoneand others - in grammatical terms are not opposed to adjectives. They have a part-of-speech meaning of the attribute of an object, not naming this attribute directly, but pointing to it (they answer the question "what?"); agree with nouns in gender, number, case and animate / inanimate ( myHouse, mycountry, myfatherland; suchtown, suchcities; see thistable but of thishorse); in a sentence are a definition or a nominal part of a compound predicate (This letter is Your).
3. Quantitativepronouns (pronouns): how much, so much, a little, somehow,as already noted, in terms of grammatical properties, they are not opposed to numerals.
In addition, pronominal words are established within such parts of speech as adverbs (pronominal adverbs where, where, how, whyetc.), impersonal predicative words ( What ishim now?) and even a verb. Many scholars (in particular, M. V. Panov) believe that interrogative phrases used in the practice of grammatical analysis "what to do?" and "what to do?" [ Peter(what is he doing?) draws] are nothing more than pronoun verbs.
4.1 Initial pronouns
The initial pronoun is the nominative, singular, masculine: my, our, what, which.In cases where the pronoun does not change in numbers or does not have a number and gender, the initial is the nominative case: me, you, we, you, who, what, anyoneetc. Some pronouns ( yourself, nothing, nobody) do not have the nominative case. In these cases, it should be noted that there is no initial form, and the first word form of the existing paradigm should be named. The initial form of pronouns him, her, them(with the meaning of possessiveness) it is customary to consider the forms he she They.However, the forms him, her, themwith the meaning of possessiveness can be considered unchangeable pronouns, only by their origin associated with personal demonstratives.
Asking questions about pronouns is usually straightforward. The exception is relative pronouns: I don’t know yet what I’ll write.(K. Paustovsky) ( I will writewhat? - story, story); And this is the tit that often steals the wheat, which is stored in a dark closet in the house that Jack built?(S. Marshak). Questions - who steals wheat? - which(tit); what built by Jack? - which (house)... Pronouns indicate objects and replace nouns in sentences that call these objects: tit, wheat, house,therefore, these pronouns should be asked questions to about? and what?
4.2 Animality and inanimateness of pronouns
Personal pronouns me, we, you, youserve to designate the persons speaking and listening, that is, living beings, they answer the question who? These pronouns have B. = R., therefore they are considered animate. However, in the language of fiction, these pronouns can be a means of expressing personification and indicate objects of inanimate nature: Tell me branch of Palestine whereyou grew up whereyou bloomed?(M. Lermontov).
Pronouns he, she, it, theyare regularly used to indicate both living and inanimate objects and, accordingly, answer the question to t about? or what about? These pronouns always have V. = R .: I see his- a table, a person, that is, case forms cannot differentiate animate / inanimate, the indicator of the category is the question to which? or what about?
Relative pronouns whoand whatand interrogative who? what?differ significantly according to the animate / inanimate character. Relative pronouns whoused only to indicate faces. Relative pronoun what- to indicate both living and inanimate objects, that is, this word loses the semantics of inanimate: Peace to the aspen trees,what , spreading branches, looked into the pink water(S. Yesenin); Glory to the fighterswhat stood up for the truth! ..(S. Mikhalkov).
Negative and indefinite pronouns with components who-and what- (someone, somethingetc.) are quite clearly opposed on the basis of animate / inanimate. However, pronouns with a component what-, as well as relative ones, lose the semantics of inanimate: All on something similar tosomeone and onsomething. A rainbow rose over the rye, like a huge gate(L. Tatyanicheva). In this sentence the words somebodyand somethingare opposed by the meaning of animate / inanimate, and the word somethinghas generalizing meanings (without differentiation on the basis of animate / inanimate).
4.3 Declination of pronouns
Pronouns are declined like regular adjectives ( which the -how old; which -how factory).
Pronouns are declined following the pattern of collective numerals [ how muchO (Wed five howto their (Wed ... three), how manykimi (Wed three)].
The declension of subject-personal pronouns is the most diverse. Declination of personal pronouns I, youand reflexive pronouns myself(which does not have the form of the nominative case, since it is always an object) is similar to different substantive declensions:
AND. I am-ø you-ø (cf .: table-ø , horse- ø )
R. meI am youI am (cf .: table, horse)
D. mne youe (cf .: country)
V. meI am youI am (cf .: horse)
T. mnOh tobOh (cf .: country)
NS. ( about) mne youe (cf .: about the table, the country)
Have personal pronouns we youthe inflectional paradigm is as follows: I. we you;R. us, you; D. us, you; V. us, you; T. us, you; NS. (about) us, you(note the unique ending -asin genitive, accusative and prepositional forms).
Personal pronouns he, she, it, they,interrogative who what,undefined someone, somethingetc., attributive allin the subject sense [ Perall , perall I thank you(L.)], indicative that isalso in the subject sense [ That it was early spring(А. К. Т.)] in the formation of indirect cases, the endings of different declensions of adjectives are used (his -Wed blue; with them -Wed with blue; whom -Wed marine; that -Wed daddy)... Only three forms have no correspondence in the declension of adjectives: R. and V. from she is her (her); That who, what, everything, then - by whom, what, that, all;Wed endings of adjectives: synthem , richth . The declension paradigms of these pronouns are as follows:
AND. he, it is she they are who something is this
R. his her their who what that this
(him) (her) (them)
D. to him to them to whom what to this
(him) (her) (him)
V. his her their someone something this
(him) (her) (them)
T. them with them whom than that
(him) (her) (them)
By) it, it, it, anybody, what else
Pronouns he, she, it, theyform forms of indirect cases using different stems - depending on the prepositional or non-sentence use of the pronoun ( ј-his, but n-his).
Indefinite pronoun someonehas only the nominative case. In a sentence, it is always the subject or the nominal part of the compound predicate: Camesomeone ; It wassomeone Sidorov.
Indefinite pronoun somethinghas only nominative and accusative forms: Occurredsomething important; We heardsomething interesting.
Negative pronouns no one, nothinglike returnable myself, are used only in indirect cases.
1st person personal pronouns - i, wepoint to the speaker; in plural weindicates a group of people, including the speaker.
2nd person personal pronouns - you youindicate the interlocutor (listener), that is, the one with whom the speaker is speaking; in plural youindicates a group of interlocutors.
3rd person personal pronouns - he, she, it, theyindicate a person or object not participating in speech.
Based on the meaning of the category of the person - an indication of the participants (non-participants) of the speech act in the text, additional meanings can be layered - generalization, speech etiquette (polite you,familiar you, copyright we and etc.).
In a sentence Willinglywe we give what we do not need ourselves,analyzing the pronoun weby category of person, it should be noted that we- the pronoun of the 1st person, denotes a group of persons, which includes the speaker, and in the sentence it has a generalizing meaning.
1st person possessive pronoun mine (mine, mine, mine)indicates that the object belongs to the person speaking: my a son,my mother,my letter.
Pronoun our (our, our, our)indicates that the object belongs to a group of persons, among whom is the speaker: our a family,our House,our children.
2nd person possessive pronouns is yours (yours, yours, yours) indicates that the object belongs to the interlocutor.
Pronoun yours (yours, yours, yours)indicates that the subject belongs to a group of interlocutors: your teacher,yours teacher,your appraisalsetc. Word yourit can mean politeness if it refers to one person.
3rd person possessive pronouns (derived from personal) - him, her, themindicate the belonging of an object not participating in a speech act: his voice,her hands,their letters.
Pronoun minecan indicate that the item belongs to any person, both one and many. The indication of belonging to a person in this pronoun is determined by the context: take my book, take my book, take your book, take my book, take their book.
Reflexive pronoun myselfcan also indicate any person ed. and many others. h. The meaning of a person is determined by the context: see myself(1st l., Singular h.), see ourselves(1st l., Pl. H.), see yourself(2nd l., Singular h.), see yourself(maybe 2nd l., singular, polite and 2nd l., plural), will see himself(3rd l., Unit h.), see themselves(3rd sheet, plural) [Contemporary 2001: 152].
CHAPTER V. DEGREES OF RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH
Pronouns in a sentence can be used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals, and with a broad understanding of pronouns and instead of adverbs and words of the category of state (impersonal predicative words). Depending on what the pronoun indicates, what part of speech it can replace, and also on its grammatical properties, pronouns are distributed into the following categories: pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, pronouns-numerals, pronouns of adverbs, pronouns-words of the category of state.The indicators of the categories are: a) the value of the indication (whether it indicates an object, a sign of an object, a quantity, a sign of an action, or a certain state); b) what question is being answered; c) the word of which part of speech is being replaced or by the word of which part of speech is being replaced; d) grammatical features (morphological and syntactic properties).
Pronouns-nounspoint to a subject and answer questions who? what?in the corresponding case, have an absolute category of case that does not repeat the forms of another word; in the text, they replace nouns or are replaced by them. This category includes the words: me, you, you, he, she, it, they, yourself, who, whatand derivatives from them.
Pronouns-adjectivesindicate the attribute of a subject and answer questions which? whose? what?In the appropriate form of gender, number and case (if they have these categories). In the text, they replace or are replaced by adjectives; change, as well as adjectives, in numbers, gender and cases, agree with nouns. Pronouns belong to this category: my, your, our, your, your, what, what, whoseand derivatives from them.
Pronouns-numeralsindicate the number, number of items or the order in the counting of items; pronouns - cardinal numbers answer the question how?in the appropriate case form, declined (except few), categories of number and gender do not have, any of these pronouns can be replaced by a cardinal numeral. This group includes: how much, so much, a lot, a little, a little, a little, dtsat, twelve.
Pronouns - ordinal numbersanswer the question which the?(in the text - which?), vary by gender, number and case. This group includes: such and such, nth and etc.
Pronouns-adverbsindicate a sign of action or a sign of a sign, that is, adverbial meaning is added to the indicative value, and answers the questions: as? when? where? why? why?;do not change, can replace adverbs or be replaced by them. This group includes the words: the way, there, here, where, when, why, because, why, then and etc.
Pronouns - words of the category of staterecently began to stand out in the class of pronouns as their category in relation to the significant parts of speech; this category primarily includes the words what is, is.These words have the form of the neuter gender, singular, but do not change in gender and numbers (unlike pronouns-adjectives what is, what is, what is, what are); they indicate a state, combined with a verb link to be (It was how does it feelwill what is it)... In addition to these words, the meaning of the state is the pronoun once(employment status). Negative pronouns are also referred to as impersonal-predicative words (without calling them state words) nowhere (nowhere live), nowhere (nowhere go), there is no need (no need explain) and etc.
You need to pay attention to pronouns this, then, everything, everything, which, on the one hand, can indicate objects, be replaced by nouns and replace them. In a sentence, they act as a subject or object; their inflectional categories are similar to nouns. But the words it's alldo not change by gender (neuter) and numbers (singular). Everythinghas only the form cf. r., units h .: Everythingall know;all passed;all went out;similar word this ishas the form cf. r., units h .: it - Spring.On the other hand, words this, then, everything, everythingcan indicate signs of objects, replace adjectives or be replaced by them; the inflectional categories of these words manifest themselves, like those of adjectives: they change in gender, number and case ( this, this, this, these; all, all, all, all), agree with nouns, in the sentence are definitions [Contemporary 2001: 146].
CONCLUSION
In the history of the study of pronouns, two opposing points of view are clearly traced: some scientists, such as M.V. Lomonosov, A.Kh. Vostokov, A.N. Gvozdev, consider pronouns to be a special part of speech, others, A.A. Potebnya, A. M. Peshkovsky, V.N. Migirin, deny pronouns independence and distribute them to the significant parts of speech. As already noted, V.V. Vinogradov refers to pronouns only subject-personal words and words derived from them. In the textbook for students of the Turkic-speaking departments of pedagogical universities Safonova S.S., pronouns are part of independent parts of speech. This suggests that pronouns are currently recognized in Russian as a part of speech.
According to semantic and functional characteristics, pronouns in modern grammar are divided into 8 categories: personal, reflexive pronoun ( myself), possessive, demonstrative, interrogative-relative, attributive, negative and indefinite pronouns.
The work showed the grammatical features of pronouns. Such as, animate / inanimate, gender, declension and category of the person. True, not all pronouns are characterized by this or that grammatical feature... For example, the category of a person is clearly manifested only in two categories of pronouns - personal and possessive, attributive and demonstrative pronouns have a gender category, and the rest do not.
SS Safonova divides pronouns into 3 groups according to grammatical properties: subject-personal, characteristic and quantitative. According to the ratio with other parts of speech in the book edited by E.I.Dibrova, pronouns are divided into the following categories: pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, pronouns-numerals, pronouns-adverbs, pronouns - words of the category of state.
Thus, in view of the above, pronouns can be called an independent part of speech. In the textbook "Lectures on the modern Russian language" by S. S. Safonova, pronouns are defined as follows: them "[Safonova 2008: 45].
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.D. E. Rosenthal, I.B. Golub, M.A.Telenkova. Modern Russian language .: Textbook. textbook for students-philologists of correspondence education / D.E. Rosenthal, I.B. Golub, M.A.Telenkova. - M .: Higher. shk., 1991. - 559s.
Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. editor V. N. Yartseva. - 2nd ed., Supplemented. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2002 .-- 709 p .: ill.
Migirin V. N. Essays on the theory of transition processes in the Russian language. - Balti, 1971.
Safonova S.S. Lectures on the modern Russian language (word formation, morphology, syntax): Tutorial for students of Turkic-speaking departments of pedagogical universities. - Kazan: Publishing house of TGGPU, 2008 .-- 198 p.
Sidorenko E. N. Essays on the theory of pronouns of the modern Russian language. - Kiev; Odessa: Lyubid, 1990 .-- 148 p.
Modern Russian: Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: Textbook. for students of higher. study. institutions: At 2 pm - Part 2: Morphology. Syntax / V. V. Babaitseva, N. A. Nikolina, L. D. Chesnokova and others; Ed. EI Dibrova - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2001. - 704 p.
Modern Russian language: Textbook. for university students enrolled in special. "Philology" / P. A. Lekant, E. I. Dibrova, L. L. Kasatkin and others; Ed. P.A.Lekanta. - M .: Bustard, 2000 .-- 560 p.
Modern Russian language: Textbook. for philol. specialist. un-tov / V. A. Beloshapkova, E. A. Bryzgunova, E. A. Zemskaya and others; Ed. V. A. Beloshapkova. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Higher. shk., 1989. - 800 p.
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In the thirty-ninth kingdom in the thirty-ninth state, there was a large country-country Pronouns. And there were both large and small cities in this country: Personal, Reflexive, Possessive, Indicative, Interrogative, Relative, Negative, Defining and Indefinite. A great variety of pronouns lived in this fabulous country, they settled in cities according to their interests and characters.
So in the city of Personal lived personal pronouns. Proud and independent residents I live on Yakolka Street. When they get married, they change their last name to - WE.
Well-bred adults live on Tykolka Street - YOU and their mischievous children - YOU.
Brother OH, sister SHE and their fantastic animal IT live on Druzhnaya Street. They are always seen together and called simply - THEY.
The smallest city in the country is Returnable. Only one family lives in it - self-loving ones, as they are called in other cities. Because they only do what they say about themselves and love only SELF.
The third city is Possessive. Very friendly inhabitants live in it - pronouns - MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, YOUR, THEIR, YOURS. They are always ready to help not only residents of their city, but also residents of the whole country.
The most ill-mannered pronouns live in the city of Indicative. All they do is point fingers at each other and say: THIS, THAT, SUCH.
The most curious inhabitants of the country gathered in one city. They constantly ask each other and everyone who comes to them questions: WHO? WHAT? WHICH? WHAT? WHICH THE? WHOSE? HOW? Therefore, they gave their city the most correct name Interrogative.
But in the city of Relative there are no questions. Very calm residents live there, although outwardly the words they pronounce are similar to the words of their neighbors: WHO, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, HOW MUCH. They only speak them calmly. For example, this is how a mother can tell her disobedient child: “Oh, again, you disobey me…”.
There are different pronouns in the city of Determinant. They have very different interests, but they are all very kind and hard-working residents: EVERYTHING, EVERYONE, YOURSELF, MOST, OTHER, ANY, OTHER.
The most stubborn pronouns live in Negative City. They never agree with anyone and always deny everything: NOBODY, NOTHING, NOTHING, NOTHING, SOMEONE, NOTHING. They often say: “Nobody, nobody saw anything. Nobody took anything. And in general I don't know anything. "
The very last city in the Land of Pronouns is the city of Indefinite. The inhabitants of this city have one favorite fairy tale, which begins with the words: “IN SOME kingdom, in SOME state, there were SOME SOMEONE and SOMETHING. SOME SOMETHING SOMETHING SOMETHING saw beautiful, but you and I will not tell you about it ... ”Because this is a completely different story.
In the thirty-ninth kingdom in the thirty-tenth state, there was a large country - the Land of Pronouns. And there were both large and small cities in this country: Personal, Reflexive, Possessive, Indicative, Interrogative, Relative, Negative, Defining and Indefinite. A great variety of pronouns lived in this fabulous country, they settled in cities according to their interests and characters.
So in the city of Personal lived personal pronouns. Proud and independent residents I live on Yakolka Street. When they get married, they change their last name to - WE.
Well-bred adults live on Tykolka Street - YOU and their mischievous children - YOU.
Brother OH, sister SHE and their fantastic animal IT live on Druzhnaya Street. They are always seen together and called simply - THEY.
The smallest city in the country is Returnable. Only one family lives in it - self-loving ones, as they are called in other cities. Because they only do what they say about themselves and love only SELF.
The third city is Possessive. Very friendly inhabitants live in it - pronouns - MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, YOUR, THEIR, YOURS. They are always ready to help not only residents of their city, but also residents of the whole country.
The most ill-mannered pronouns live in the city of Indicative. All they do is point fingers at each other and say: THIS, THAT, SUCH.
The most curious inhabitants of the country gathered in one city. They constantly ask each other and everyone who comes to them questions: WHO? WHAT? WHICH? WHAT? WHICH THE? WHOSE? HOW? Therefore, they gave their city the most correct name Interrogative.
But in the city of Relative there are no questions. Very calm people live there, although outwardly the words they pronounce are similar to the words of their neighbors: WHO, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, HOW MUCH. They only speak them calmly. For example, this is how a mother can tell her disobedient child: “Oh, again, you do not obey me ...” oskazkah.ru - site
There are different pronouns in the city of Definitive. They have very different interests, but they are all very kind and hard-working residents: EVERYTHING, EVERYONE, YOURSELF, MOST, OTHER, ANY, OTHER.
The most stubborn pronouns live in Negative City. They never agree with anyone and always deny everything: NOBODY, NOTHING, NOTHING, NOTHING, SOMEONE, NOTHING. They often say: “Nobody, nobody saw anything. Nobody took anything. And in general I don't know anything. "
The very last city in the Land of Pronouns is the city of Indefinite. The inhabitants of this city have one favorite fairy tale, which begins with the words: “IN SOME kingdom, in SOME state, there were SOME SOMEONE and SOMETHING. SOME SOMETHING SOMETHING SOMETHING saw beautiful, but you and I will not tell you about it ... ”Because this is a completely different story.
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1. They indicate a face or faces. The pronoun I - on the person of the speaker, You - on the one with whom they are talking, HE - on the one who does not participate in the conversation, We are You. They are, respectively, about several persons.
2. The difference from a noun is that nouns name objects, pronouns only indicate them.
3.Changed by persons, numbers and (in the third person singular) genders, and also declined by cases.
4. Pronouns are substitute words, they add variety to speech and connect individual sentences into a whole utterance-text
5. To older people, strangers, we turn to “you” These are the norms of etiquette (rules of conduct in society). Previously, parents were called “you”. This old tradition has survived in some places in the countryside. The pronouns you, you can mean not a specific person, but any person. That is, it is used in a generalized meaning. The 3rd person pronoun (he, she, it) usually replaces the nearest preceding noun in the form of the same gender and number. Sometimes this connection between a pronoun and a noun is determined by the meaning, and not by the word order, for example: Marya Ivanovna was equipped, and a few days later she set off on the road with the faithful Palasha and the faithful Savelich. (A. Pushkin). There is no doubt that the pronoun she refers to the noun “Marya Ivanovna”.
2 Like Complain
Once upon a time the pronoun It lived in a small house. This pronoun was very lonely. It had no friends, almost never went outside to breathe fresh air and admire the flowers. He didn't want to be friends with anyone.
Once, when it was a good and sunny day, the pronoun Ono decided to go for a walk and look for friends. The pronoun headed towards the forest. It thought it would be better this way.
Suddenly It sees that my pronoun is running in the clearing. It was very happy that it had finally found its companion, but Moi did not want to be friends with him.
Then the pronoun, which was looking for friends, thought that no one would want to be friends with him and went home. It got very cold and decided to drink hot tea. But suddenly someone knocked on the door. The pronoun did not open the door, but the knocking continued.
Then It opened, and the pronoun Vash entered the house. He needed to be friends with someone too, and the two pronouns became friends.
Soon, new pronouns began to come to them, and this house was filled with friends.
(Medvedeva Y., grade 6)
/ it was necessary to write a short story about the part of speech - the pronoun, while it is necessary to select all occurring pronouns and determine their categories; it is desirable that pronouns of all categories /
