Quality controlIs a systematic check of how the facility is able to meet specified requirements. Failure to comply with the established requirements is non-compliance with ISO 8402. The main form of verification is control.
The controlthis is obtaining information about the actual state of the object (primary information for products - information about qualitative and quantitative characteristics) and comparing the information received with pre-established requirements, that is, norms (secondary information).
Control of the qualitative and (or) quantitative characteristics of products is carried out in accordance with GOST 16504-81. State system for ensuring uniformity of measurements. Product testing and quality control. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions.
Control procedure operations: measurements (independent procedure, it is an object of metrology); product analysis (analytical methods - chemical, microbiological, microscopic analysis); tests (experimental methods).
Tests- experimental determination of the quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of the test object (GOST 16504-81). Testing of goods provides for the conditions for their implementation, the use of testing tools and measuring instruments: technical devices, measuring instruments, substances and materials.
The main test tool is testing equipment, basic and auxiliary substances and materials used in testing.
The main requirements for the quality of testing: accuracy, reproducibility. Test types: laboratory (for goods); polygon; full-scale.
The performance test is carried out under the condition that the goods are exposed to certain real or simulated external factors, and the control is carried out under normal climatic conditions (temperature t ° C, relative humidity W%, atmospheric pressure P mm Hg). During testing, a sample of goods is subjected to testing processes, and during control - 100% of goods. Tests are carried out according to the program-target planning scheme, and control is carried out at all stages of the product life cycle.
5.4. Technological quality assurance
As an example of technological quality assurance, let us give the methods of standardized assessment and measurement of various quality characteristics that should be used in the preparation of specific methods for testing the quality of software projects.
For each quality characteristic, it is recommended to form measures and a scale of measurements with highlighting the required, permissible and unsatisfactory values, as shown by the example of a graphic image of quality (For a specific project, a set of metrics must be developed or supplemented, which reflects the purpose and characteristics of the environment of the software product being developed).
The quality of the software product (software quality) - the entire scope of features and characteristics of software products, which relates to its ability to meet stated or anticipated needs. The importance of each quality characteristic varies depending on the class of software. For example, reliability is most important for software for combat-critical systems, efficiency is most important for software for time-critical real-time systems, and usability is most important for end-user dialogue software. The importance of each quality characteristic also varies according to the accepted points of view.
The following figure (process model) shows the main steps required to evaluate software quality.
The assessment process consists of three stages: the establishment (definition) of quality requirements, preparation for the assessment and the assessment procedure. This process can be applied at any suitable phase of the life cycle for each software component.
The purpose of the initial stage is to establish requirements in terms of quality characteristics. Requirements express the needs of the external environment for the software product in question and should be defined prior to development.
The purpose of the second stage is to prepare the basis for the assessment.
The third result is a conclusion on the quality of software products. The generalized quality is then compared with other factors such as time and cost. The final management decision is made based on the manageability criterion. The result is a management decision on acceptance or rejection, or on release or non-release of software products.
The concept of certification and the history of its development
The term "certification" was first formulated and defined by the Certification Committee (CERTICO) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Currently, certification of conformity refers to the act of a third party demonstrating that it provides the necessary assurance that a properly identified product, process or service complies with a specific standard or other regulatory document.
First, certification is now directly related to the action of a third party, which is a person or body recognized as independent of the parties involved in the matter in question.
Second, the Conformity Assessment Action is being carried out properly, which indicates that there is a rigorous certification system with rules, procedures and governance in place.
Third, the scope of compliance certification is expanding significantly. Currently, it covers products, processes and services, including quality management processes in enterprises (quality systems) and personnel.
Application areas of certification
As already noted, certification is subdivided into mandatory and voluntary. Recently, mandatory certification is often referred to as certification in a legally regulated area, and voluntary certification in a legally unregulated area. Let's consider the reasons for the division of certification distribution areas.
Mandatory certification applies to products and services related to ensuring the safety of the environment, life, health and property. Legislative requirements for these goods must be fulfilled by all manufacturers in the domestic market and importers when imported into Russia. Nomenclature of goods and services subject to mandatory certification in Russian Federation, is determined by the Gosstandart of Russia in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights".
Objects of mandatory certification:
Products:
· Goods of the machine-building complex;
· Goods of the electrical, electronic and instrument-making industry;
· Medical equipment;
· Agricultural goods and food products;
· Goods of light industry;
· Commodities of raw materials industries and woodworking;
· Personal respiratory protection;
· Pyrotechnic products;
· Veterinary biological products.
· Household;
· Passenger transport;
· Tourist and excursion;
· Trade;
· Catering;
· Others.
Voluntary certification is carried out in cases where strict compliance with the requirements of existing standards or other regulatory documents for products, services or processes is not provided by the state, i.e. when standards or norms do not relate to safety requirements and are voluntary for the manufacturer, for example, a series of standards GOST R ISO 9000 on models of quality systems in enterprises. The need for voluntary certification appears, as a rule, when non-compliance with standards or other regulations for certification objects affects the economic interests of large financial and industrial groups, industries and services. In fig. groups of objects of voluntary certification are given. Let's consider the features of certification of these groups.
Voluntary certification objects:
Products:
· Production and technical direction;
· Social and domestic direction.
· Material;
· Intangible.
Enterprise quality systems:
· In design, development, production, installation and service;
· During production, installation and service;
· At control and testing of finished products.
Personnel in the area:
· Non-destructive testing;
· Appraisal of land, real estate, vehicles;
· Welding, etc.
Products for which there are no mandatory safety requirements are subject to voluntary certification. At the same time, its implementation limits access to the market for low-quality products by checking such indicators as reliability, aesthetics, efficiency, etc. At the same time, voluntary certification does not replace the mandatory one and its results are not grounds for banning (supplying) products. It is primarily aimed at fighting for the client. This fully applies to voluntary certification of services.
The standard establishes the basic principles for organizing work on the certification of quality systems (production). During certification the following must be provided: voluntariness; non-discriminatory access to participation in certification processes; objectivity of assessments; reproducibility of assessment results; confidentiality; informativeness; specialization of bodies for certification of quality systems (production); verification of compliance with the requirements for products (services) in the legally regulated area; credibility of the applicant's evidence of compliance of the quality system with regulatory requirements. Let's take a closer look at these principles.
Voluntariness. Certification is carried out only at the initiative of the applicant in the presence of a written application from him (unless otherwise provided by law).
Non-discriminatory access to participation in certification processes. All organizations that have submitted an application and recognize the principles, requirements and rules established therein are admitted to certification in the register. Any discrimination against the applicant and any participant in the certification process is excluded (price overpriced in comparison with other applicants, unreasonable delay in terms, unreasonable refusal to accept the application, etc.).
Objectivity of assessments. It is ensured by the independence of the certification body and the experts it attracts from the applicant or other parties interested in the results of the assessment and certification, as well as the completeness of the committee of experts (hereinafter referred to as the commission).
In the aggregate, the certification commission must know the standards for the quality system, own the inspection technique, know the features of the production of products and the regulatory requirements for it. The commission should include a specialist in the type of economic activity (branch of the economy). If necessary, experts in metrology, economics, etc. can be included in the commission.
Basics of certification testing
Measurement, testing and control are conformity assessment methods for certification. The peculiarities of their application are determined by the tasks that the testing laboratory solves when certifying products (Table 2.1).
Test task - obtaining quantitative or qualitative assessments of product characteristics, i.e. assessment of the ability to perform the required functions under specified conditions. This problem is solved in testing laboratories, its solution is a prepared test report indicating the parameters of the product.
Table 2.1. Correlation of concepts
"Measurement", "test", "control"
| goal | Quality | Accuracy index | |
| Measurement | Determination of the value of a quantity (parameter) | The closeness of the measurement results to the actual value | Measurement error ∆ meas |
| Test | The same for given modes and influencing factors determining the value of the quantity (parameter) | The same for given test conditions and influencing factors | ∆ and \u003d ∆ p + ∆ f + ∆ meas, where ∆ p is the mode error; ∆ f - error of factors |
| The control | Establishing the fact of finding a value (parameter) in a given tolerance for given test modes and influencing factors | The degree of reliability of finding a parameter within acceptable limits | The probability of type I and II errors, taking into account ∆ and |
Control task - Establishing the compliance of product characteristics with the requirements specified in regulatory documents, including based on test results. This task is solved by experts of the certification body on the basis of a test report. Therefore, the task of control can be called the task of expert assessment.
In product certification, both of these operations are related to parameter measurements. Certification systems for quality systems and services provide for conformity assessment without the use of measuring technology using visual or organoleptic methods (audits, checks, surveys, etc.). When certifying personnel, a certification exam is carried out in accordance with the established rules.
The control of objects or stages of the production process can be periodic - carried out after a certain period of time (hours, days, months); continuous - carried out continuously (constantly). Depending on the means of control, control is distinguished: visualwhen the object of control is inspected and its compliance with the requirements of the NTD is determined (whether all operations have been completed, the presence of marking, accompanying documentation); organoleptic - subjective control method carried out by specialist experts (score in points); instrumental - control carried out using a measuring tool, gauges, instruments, stands, testing machines, etc. The latter type of control can be manual, automated and automatic.
Depending on the volume of products, control is distinguished solid, in which the decision on the quality of the controlled products is made based on the results of checking each unit of products; selective, in which the decision on quality is made based on the results of checking one or more samples (depending on the requirements of the normative and technical documentation) from a batch or product flow.
By the nature of the impact on the course of the production process, active and passive control are distinguished. When active control (it is carried out by devices built into the technological equipment), the results obtained are used for continuous control of the process of manufacturing products. Passive control only fixes the obtained result.
By the nature of the impact on the object, the control can be destructive, in which the product becomes unsuitable for further use for its intended purpose, and non-destructive.
According to the type of parameters being checked, control is distinguished geometric parameters (linear, angular dimensions, shape and location of surfaces, axes, parts, units and assemblies, etc.), physical properties (electrical, heat engineering, optical, etc.), mechanical properties (strength, hardness, plasticity under various external conditions); micro- and macrostructures (metallographic research); chemical properties (chemical analysis of the composition of a substance, chemical resistance in various environments), and special control (light, gas tightness, tightness).
Depending on the stage of the product life cycle, the following tests are carried out:
research - research;
development - development, preliminary, acceptance;
production - qualification, bearer, acceptance, periodic, standard, inspection, certification;
operation - controlled operation, operational periodic, inspection
Research trials if necessary, carried out at any stage of the product life cycle. In the process of manufacturing products, purchased materials, component parts can be subjected to control tests during incoming control, and components of their own production - during an operational one.
Research tests are often carried out as determinative and evaluative tests. goal identifying testing - finding the values \u200b\u200bof one or more quantities with a given accuracy and reliability. Sometimes during testing it is only necessary to establish the fact of the suitability of the object, i.e. determine whether a given instance from a number of objects of a given type meets the established requirements or not. Such tests are called evaluative.
The tests carried out to control the quality of an object are called control... The purpose of control tests is to check for compliance with the technical conditions of certain copies of components or components during manufacture. As a result of the tests, the obtained data are compared with those established in the technical conditions and a conclusion is made on the compliance of the tested (controlled) object with regulatory and technical documentation (documentation for the supply of components).
Final testing carried out at the R&D stage to assess the impact of changes made to the technical documentation in order to ensure the achievement of the specified values \u200b\u200bof product quality indicators. The need for testing is determined by the developer either when drawing up the technical specifications for the development, or in the development process; he draws up a program and test procedure.
goal preliminary tests - determination of the possibility of presenting samples for acceptance tests... The tests are carried out in accordance with the standard or organizational and methodological document of the ministry, department, enterprise.
Acceptance tests carried out to determine the feasibility and possibility of putting products into production. Acceptance tests of unit-made products are carried out to resolve the issue of the expediency of transferring these products into operation. Prototype or prototype samples (batches) of products are subjected to tests.
Acceptance tests carried out to make a decision on the suitability of products for delivery or its use. Each manufactured item or sample from a batch shall be tested. The tests are carried out by the manufacturer's technical control service with the participation of the customer's representative in the established cases.
The test procedure is established in the state standard of general technical requirements or technical conditions, and for single-unit production - in the terms of reference.
Periodic tests carried out in order to:
· Periodic control of product quality;
· Control of the stability of the technological process between the next tests;
· Confirmation of the possibility of continuing the manufacture of products according to the current documentation and their acceptance;
· Confirmation of the level of quality of products released during the controlled period;
· Confirmation of the effectiveness of test methods used in acceptance control.
Periodic tests are intended for products of established serial (mass) production. During their implementation, the values \u200b\u200bof indicators are monitored, which depend on the stability of the technological process, but are not checked during acceptance tests.
Inspection tests carried out selectively in order to control the stability of the quality of samples of finished products and products in operation. They are carried out by specially authorized organizations (state supervision bodies, departmental control, organizations carrying out foreign trade operations, etc.) in accordance with the NTD for these products according to a program established by the organization that implements them, or agreed with it.
According to the conditions and location, tests are distinguished:
- laboratorycarried out in laboratory conditions;
- benchcarried out on test equipment in test or research units. Test equipment can be mass-produced, for example, vibration stands for vibration tests, shock stands, etc., or it can be specially developed (designed and manufactured) in the process of creating a new product for testing it in order to obtain any characteristics (indicators);
- polygonperformed at a test site, such as vehicle testing;
- full-scale - tests under conditions corresponding to the conditions of its intended use. In this case, not the component parts of the product or its model are tested, but only the directly manufactured products. The characteristics of product properties during field tests are determined directly without using analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object or its parts;
- tests using models carried out on a physical model (simplified, reduced) of a product or its component parts; sometimes, during these tests, it becomes necessary to carry out calculations on mathematical and physical-mathematical models in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components.
By the duration, or rather, by the time completeness of the test, there can be:
- normalwhen the methods and conditions of carrying out ensure the receipt of the required amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the product (object) in the same time interval as in the intended operating conditions;
- accelerated, when the methods and conditions of conducting provide the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in a shorter time than during normal tests. Accelerated testing helps reduce costs and time to create products. Acceleration of obtaining test results can be achieved through the use of increased loads, increased temperatures during thermal tests, etc .;
- abbreviatedconducted under the reduced program.
According to the result of exposure, as in the control methods, tests are distinguished:
- non-destructive - the test object after testing can function (operated);
- destructive - the object after testing cannot be used for operation;
Finally, according to the determined characteristics of the object, tests are distinguished:
- functional - carried out in order to determine the indicators of the purpose of the object;
On reliability - carried out to determine the reliability indicators in the given conditions;
On strength - are carried out to establish the values \u200b\u200bof the influencing factors at which certain characteristics of the object go beyond the established limits;
On sustainability - performed to control the ability of the product to fulfill its functions and maintain the values \u200b\u200bof the parameters within the limits established by the normative and technical documentation, while it is exposed to certain factors (aggressive media, shock waves, electric fields, radiation, etc.);
On safety - carried out in order to confirm, establish a safety factor for the serviced personnel or persons related to the test object;
On transportability - are carried out in order to determine the possibility of transporting an object in a particular container without disrupting the object's ability to perform its functions and to keep the values \u200b\u200bof the parameters within the norms;
- boundary - are carried out to determine the dependencies between the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof the object parameters and the operating mode.
The list of questions to be submitted for the exam on the course "Metrology, standardization, certification"
1. Measurements. Basic concepts and definitions.
2. Types of measurements. (Examples).
3. Methods of measurements. (Examples).
4. Causes of errors. Methodical error.
5. Causes of errors. Instrumental, energetic subjective errors. Examples.
6. Measurement errors: static and dynamic, systematic and random. Misses.
7. Measuring instruments (SI). Classification, definitions.
8. Standardized metrological characteristics of measuring instruments.
9. Methods of expression and standardization of the limits of permissible errors of SI. Accuracy class.
10 Indicators of measurement accuracy and presentation of measurement results.
11. Characteristics of random errors
12. Technique for statistical processing of observation results.
13. Summation of errors.
14. Certification. Basic concepts and definitions. Objects of compulsory and voluntary certification.
15. Measurements, tests, control. Types and methods of product control.
16. Measurements, tests, control. Types and methods of product testing.
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
PRODUCT STATE TESTING SYSTEM
TESTING AND CONTROL
PRODUCT QUALITY
BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
GOST 16504-81
USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS
DEVELOPED by the USSR State Committee for Standards CONTRACTORSL. M. Zaks, G. K. Martynov(theme leaders), G.V. Anisimova, V.P.Belyavtsev, Yu.S. Veniaminov, G.A.Gukasyan, M.G.Dolinskaya, V.D. Dudko, L.I. Zavalko, A. A Zenkov, M. G. Iofin, V. V. Kreshchuk, E. N. Leonova, O. G. Lositsky, A. E. Manokhin, M. M. Manzon, V. V. Melent'ev, V. P. Nikiforov , V. A. Novikova, E. V. Nikitina, A. G. Osetrov, V. A. Pavlov, O. F. Poslavsky, V. I. Pereponov, V. I. Pronenko, V. N. Smirnov, N. K. Sukhov. V. G. Stepanov, E. I. Taver, A. L. Terkel, R. V. Utkina, N. M. Fedotov, I. A. Khalap, S. S. Chernyshev, V. N. Chupyrin, V. I. Churilov, N. G. Sherstyukov, E. P. Schmidt, E. S. Ehrenburg. INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for StandardsHead of the Department of Certification and State Testing of Products M. A. Ushakov APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated December 8, 1981 No. 5297STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
By the decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated December 8, 1981 No. 5297, the introduction period was establishedfrom 01.01.1982.
This standard establishes the terms used in science, technology and production and definitions of basic concepts in the field of testing and product quality control. The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation, scientific and technical, educational and reference literature. One standardized term is established for each concept. The use of synonymous terms of the standardized term is prohibited. Unacceptable synonyms are given in the standard as a reference and are marked with the mark "Ndp". In cases where the necessary and sufficient signs of concepts are contained in the literal meaning of the term, the definition is not given, and, accordingly, a dash is put in the column "Definition". For individual standardized terms in the standard, short forms are given as a reference, which are allowed to be used if the possibility of their different interpretation is excluded. Standardized terms are in bold, short form is light, and illegal is in italics. The standard provides foreign equivalents for a number of standardized terms in English (E) and French (F) for reference purposes. The standard contains alphabetical indexes of the terms contained in it in Russian and their foreign equivalents. In reference annex 1, explanations are given to some terms marked with an asterisk, in reference annex 2, a systematization of types of tests and control is given according to their main features.
|
Definition |
1. TESTS |
1. Tests * E. Test F. Essai | Experimental determination of the quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of the properties of the test object as a result of the impact on it, during its functioning, when modeling the object and (or) impacts. Note. Definition includes assessment and / or monitoring | 2. Terms trials * E. Test conditions F. Conditions d'essais | The set of influencing factors and (or) modes of operation of the object during testing | 3. Normal test conditions * E. Normal test conditions F. Conditions d'essais normales | Test conditions established by normative and technical documentation (NTD) for this type of product | 4. View trials E. Mode of test F. Type d'essai | Classification grouping of tests on a specific basis | 5. Category trials E. Category of test F. Categorie d'essai | Test type, characterized by the organizational feature of their implementation and decision-making based on the results of the assessment of the object as a whole | 6. An object trials * E. Item under test F. Objet a essayer | Products under test | 7. Sample for testing E. Test specimen F. Echantillon pour essai | Product or part thereof, or sample directly subjected to the experiment during testing | 8. Prototype E. Pilot sample F. Prototype | A sample of products made according to the newly developed working documentation for verification by testing its compliance with specified technical requirements in order to make a decision on the possibility of putting into production and (or) use for its intended purpose | 9. Test model E. Test model F. Modele pour essai | A product, process, phenomenon, mathematical model that are in a certain accordance with the test object and (or) effects on it and are able to replace them during the test | 10. Model for testing E. Test mock - up F. Maquette pour essais | Product representing a simplified reproduction of a test object or part thereof and intended for testing | 11. Method trials E. Test method F. Methode d'essais | Rules for the application of certain principles and test means | 12. Volume trials E. Extent of test F. Taille des essais | Test characteristic determined by the number of objects and types of tests, as well as the total test duration | 13. Test program * E. Test program F. Program d'essais | Organizational and methodological document, mandatory for implementation, establishing the object and objectives of the tests, types, sequence and volume of experiments conducted, procedure, conditions, place and timing of tests, provision and reporting on them, as well as responsibility for the provision and conduct of tests | 14. Methodology trials * E. Test procedure F. Procedure d'essais | Organizational and methodological document, mandatory for execution, including a test method, means and test conditions, sampling, algorithms for performing operations to determine one or more interrelated characteristics of an object's properties, a form of data presentation and assessment of accuracy, reliability of results, safety and environmental protection requirements Wednesday | 15. Attestation methodology trials E. Approval of test procedure F. Certification de la procedure d'essais | Determination of the values \u200b\u200bof indicators of accuracy, reliability and (or) reproducibility of test results provided by the methodology and their compliance with specified requirements | 16. Test tool * E. Test means F. Moyen d'essais | Technical device, substance and (or) material for testing | 17. Test equipment E. Test equipment F. Equipement d'essais | Test tool, which is a technical device for simulating test conditions | 18. Attestation test equipment E. Certification of test equipment F. Certification de l'equipement d'essais | Determination of the standardized accuracy characteristics of test equipment, their compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation and establishment of the suitability of this equipment for operation | 19. Test system * E. Test system F. Systeme d'essais | A set of test tools, performers and certain test objects interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation | 20. Accuracy of test results E. Accuracy of test results F. Precision des resultats d'essais | Test property characterized by the closeness of test results to the actual values \u200b\u200bof the characteristics of the object, under certain test conditions | 21. Reproducibility of test methods and results * E. Reproducibility of test methods and results F. Reproducibilite des methodes et resultats d "essais | A characteristic determined by the proximity of the test results of identical samples of the same object using the same method in different laboratories, by different operators using different equipment | 22. Test data E. Test data F. Donnees d'essais | The values \u200b\u200bof the characteristics of the properties of the object and (or) the test conditions, operating time, as well as other parameters that are the initial for subsequent processing recorded during the tests | 23. Test result E. Test result F. Resultat d'essais | Assessment of the characteristics of the properties of the object, establishing the compliance of the object with the specified requirements according to test data, the results of the analysis of the quality of the object's functioning during the test | 24. Test report E. Test report F. Proces-verbal d'essais | A document containing the necessary information about the test object, the methods used, means and test conditions, test results, as well as a conclusion on the test results, drawn up in the prescribed manner | 25. Test polygon E. Testing (proving) ground F. Terrain d'essais | The territory and test facilities on it, equipped with test means and ensuring the testing of the facility in conditions close to the operating conditions of the facility | 26. Testing organization E. Test organization F. Organisme d'essais | Organization entrusted with testing certain types of products or carrying out certain types of tests in accordance with the established procedure | 27. Head organization for state product testing | An organization that is approved in accordance with the adopted procedure for conducting tests at the state level of the established most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural and household purposes | 28. State Testing Center E. State testing center F. Center national d'essais | Specialized subdivision of the head organization for state testing, intended for state testing of the established most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural and household purposes | 29. Republican (regional) test center E. Republican (regional) testing center F. Center republicain (regional) d'essais | An organization approved in the accepted procedure for carrying out certain categories of tests of fixed types of products manufactured and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of the republic (region), regardless of their departmental subordination | 30. Departmental test Centre E. Departmental testing center F. Center sectoriel d'essais | An organization entrusted by a ministry or department with carrying out certain categories of tests of assigned types of products manufactured and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of this ministry or department | 31. Test division E. Testing division F. Unite d'essais | Division of the organization, which is entrusted by the management of the latter with conducting tests for its own needs | 32. Basic testing unit of the parent organization Base unit | A subdivision designated in accordance with the established procedure for testing certain types of products or types of tests from among those assigned to the parent organization for state testing | 33. Strongpoint of the head organization for state product testing Strong point | An organization that is a consumer of products subject to testing, designated in an accepted manner to conduct tests of these products under operational conditions | 34. Certification of testing organizations and divisions F. Agrement des organismes et des unites d'essais | Certification of the competence of testing organizations and subdivisions and their equipment, ensuring that all tests of the assigned types of products and (or) types of tests, provided for by the regulatory and technical documentation, are carried out at the proper technical level |
Types of tests |
35. Research trials * E. Investigation test F. Essais de recherche | Tests conducted to study specific characteristics of the properties of an object | 36. Control tests E. Check test F. Essais de controle | Tests carried out to control the quality of the object | 37. Comparative tests E. Comparative test F. Essais comparatifs | Tests of similar in characteristics or identical objects, carried out under identical conditions to compare the characteristics of their properties | 38. Definitive tests E. Determinative test F. Essais de determination | Tests carried out to determine the values \u200b\u200bof the characteristics of the object with the specified values \u200b\u200bof the accuracy and (or) reliability | 39. State tests * E. State test F. Essais officiels | Tests of the established most important types of products, conducted by the head organization for state tests, or acceptance tests, conducted by the state commission or the testing organization, which has been granted the right to conduct them | 40. Interdepartmental trials * E. Interdepartmental test F. Essais intersectoriels | Product testingconducted by a commission of representatives of several interested ministries and (or) departments, or acceptance tests of established types of products for the acceptance of the component parts of an object developed jointly by several departments | 41. Departmental tests E. Departmental test F. Essais sectoriels | Tests carried out by a commission of representatives of the ministry or department concerned | 42. Finalization tests Ndp. Design tests E. Developmental test F. Essais de finition | Research tests carried out during the development of products in order to assess the impact of changes made to it to achieve the specified values \u200b\u200bof its quality indicators | 43. Preliminary tests E. Preliminary test F. Essais preliminaires | Control tests of prototypes and (or) prototype batches of products in order to determine the possibility of their presentation for acceptance tests | 44. Receiving trials * E. Acceptance test F. Essais d'acceptation | Control tests of prototypes, prototype batches of products or a unit-made product, carried out accordingly in order to resolve the issue of the expediency of putting these products into production and (or) their intended use | 45. Qualification tests E. Qualification test F. Essais de qualification | Control tests of the installation series or the first industrial batch, carried out in order to assess the readiness of the enterprise to release products of this type in a given volume | 46. \u200b\u200bBearer tests E. Predelivery test F. Essais de presentation | Control tests of products carried out by the manufacturer's technical control service before presenting it for acceptance by a representative of the customer, consumer or other acceptance bodies | 47. Acceptance tests * E. Approval test F. Essais de reception | Control tests of products during acceptance control | 48. Periodic tests E. Periodical test F. Essais periodiques | Control tests of manufactured products, carried out in volumes and within the time limits established by the regulatory and technical documentation, in order to control the stability of product quality and the possibility of continuing its release | 49. Inspection tests E. Inspection test F. Essais d'inspection | Control tests of established types of manufactured products, carried out in a selective manner in order to control the stability of product quality by specially authorized organizations | 50. Type tests Ndp. Verification tests E. Type test F. Essais type | Control tests of manufactured products, conducted in order to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of changes in the design, recipe or technological process | 51. Qualification tests E. Evaluation test F. Essais d'attestation | Tests carried out to assess the level of product quality during its certification by quality categories | 52. Certification tests * E. Certification test F. Essais de certification | Control tests of products carried out in order to establish compliance of the characteristics of all properties with national and (or) international regulatory and technical documents | 53. Laboratory tests E. Laboratory test F. Essais de laboratoire | Laboratory tests of the object | 54. Bench tests * E. Bench test F. Essais au banc | Object tests carried out on test equipment | 55. Field tests E. Ground test F. Essais au terrain | Site tests carried out at the test site | 56. Natural trials * E. Verification test in situ F. Essais in situ | Testing of an object under conditions corresponding to the conditions of its use for its intended purpose with direct assessment or control of the determined characteristics of the properties of the object | 57. Tests using models * E. Test with modeling F. Essais avec utilization des modeles | - | 58. Performance tests * E. Field test F. Essais pratiques | Object tests carried out during operation | 59. Normal tests E. Normal test F. Essais normaux | Tests, the methods and conditions of which ensure the receipt of the required amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in the same time interval as in the intended operating conditions. | 60. Accelerated tests E. Accelerated test F. Essais acceleres | Tests, the methods and conditions of which ensure the receipt of the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in a shorter time than during normal tests | 61. Abbreviated tests E. Reduced test F. Essais tronques | Tests carried out according to the reduced program | 62. Mechanical trials * E. Mechanical test F. Essais mecaniques | Mechanical tests | 63. Climatic tests * E. Environmental test F. Essais climatiques | Climatic tests | 64. Thermal tests * E. Thermal test F. Essais thermiques | Thermal tests | 65. Radiation tests E. Radiation test F. Essais de radiation | Tests for exposure to radiation factors | 66. Electromagnetic tests * E. Electromagnetic test F. Essais electromagnetiques | Electromagnetic field tests | 67. Electrical tests * E. Electric test F. Essais electriques | Impact tests electrical voltage, current or zero | 68. Magnetic tests * E. Magnetic test F. Essais magnetiques | Magnetic field tests | 69. Chemical tests * E. Chemical test F. Essais de resistance chimique | Tests for exposure to special environments | 70. Biological tests * E. Biological F. Essais biologiques | Biological testing | 71. Non-destructive trials E. Nondestructive test F. Essais non-destructifs | Tests using non-destructive testing methods | 72. Destructive trials E. Destructive test F. Essais destructifs | Tests using destructive control methods | 73. Strength tests E. Strength test F. Essais d'endurance | Tests carried out to determine the values \u200b\u200bof influencing factors that cause the values \u200b\u200bof the characteristics of the properties of an object to go beyond the established limits or to destroy it | 74. Tests for stability E. Stability test F. Essais de stabilite | Tests carried out to control the ability of the product to perform its functions and maintain the parameter values \u200b\u200bwithin the established norms during the action of certain factors on it | 75. Functional tests E. Functional test F. Essais fonctionnels | Tests carried out to determine the values \u200b\u200bof the indicators of the purpose of the object | 76. Tests for reliability E. Reliability test F. Essais de fiabilite | Tests carried out to determine reliability indicators under specified conditions | 77. Safety tests E. Safety test F. Essais de securite | - | 78. Transportability tests E. Transportability test F. Essais d'aptitude au transport | - | 79. Boundary tests E. Marginal test F. Essais limites | Tests carried out to determine the relationship between the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof the parameters of the object and the operating mode | 80. Technological tests E. In - process test F. Essais de technicite | Tests carried out during the manufacture of products in order to assess their manufacturability |
2. CONTROL |
General concepts |
81. Technical control * Control E. Inspection F. Controle technique | Verification of the facility compliance with the established technical requirements | 82. The control quality products E. Product quality inspection F. Controle de la qualite des produits | Control of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of product properties | 83. Evaluation quality products E. Assessment of product quality F. Estimation de la qualite des produits | Determination of values \u200b\u200bof product characteristics with indication of accuracy and (or) reliability | 84. Object of technical control * E. Item under inspection F. Objet a controler | Products subject to control, the processes of their creation, use, transportation, storage, maintenance and repair, as well as the corresponding technical documentation | 85. View control E. Mode of inspection F. Type de controle | Classification grouping of control on a specific basis | 86. Volume control E. Amount of inspection F. Taille du controle | The number of objects and the set of monitored features installed for control | 87. Method control E. Inspection method F. Methode de controle | Rules for the application of certain principles and controls | 88. Method destructive control E. Method of destructive inspection F. Methode destructive | A control method that may impair the suitability of an object for use | 89. Method nondestructive control E. Method of nondestructive inspection F. Methode non-destructive | A control method in which the suitability of the object for use should not be impaired | 90. Means control E. Inspection means F. Moyens de controle | Technical device, substance and (or) material for control | 91. Controlled sign E. Characteristic under control F. Caractere a controler | The characteristic of the object being controlled | 92. Control dot * E. Point of inspection F. Point de controle | Location of the primary source of information about the controlled parameter of the controlled object | 93. Control sample * E. Reference specimen F. Specimen temoin | A product unit or part thereof, or a sample, approved in accordance with the established procedure, the characteristics of which are taken as the basis for the manufacture and control of the same product | 94. System control E. Inspection system F. Systeme du controle | A set of controls, performers and certain objects of control interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation | 95. System departmental control E. Departmental management system F. Systeme du controle sectoriel | The control system carried out by the bodies of a ministry or department | 96. Automated control system * E. Automated control system F. Systeme de controle automatise | Control system providing control with partial direct participation of humans | 97. Automatic control system * E. Automatic control system F. Systeme de controle automatique | A control system that provides control without direct human participation |
Control types |
98. Production control * E. Manufacturing supervision F. Controle de fabrication | Control carried out at the production stage | 99. Operational control * E. Field inspection F. Controle en utilization | Control carried out at the stage of product operation | 100. Input the control E. incoming inspection F. Controle a l’entree | Control of the supplier's products received by the consumer or customer and intended for use in the manufacture, repair or operation of products | 101. Operating the control E. Operational inspection F. Controle des operations | Control of a product or process during execution or after completion of a technological operation | 102. Acceptance the control E. Acceptance inspection F. Controle de reception | Product control, based on the results of which a decision is made on its suitability for supply and (or) use | 103. Inspection the control E. Inspection check-up F. Audit | Control carried out by specially authorized persons in order to verify the effectiveness of previously performed control | 104. Complete control E. 100% inspection F. Controle a 100% | Control of each product unit in a batch | 105. Selective control E. Sampling inspection F. Controle par echantillonnage | According to GOST 15895-77 * _________ * On the territory of the Russian Federation there are GOST R 50779.10-2000, GOST R 50779.11-2000 | 106. Volatile the control * E. Casual inspection F. Controle volant | Control carried out at random times | 107. Continuous the control E. Continuous inspection F. Controle continuity | Control, in which the receipt of information about the monitored parameters occurs continuously | 108. Periodic the control E. Periodical inspection F. Controle periodique | Control, in which the receipt of information about the monitored parameters occurs at set time intervals | 109. Destructive the control E. Destructive inspection F. Controle destructif | - | 110. Nondestructive the control E. Nondestructive inspection F. Controle non-destructif | - | 111. Measuring the control E. Control by measurement F. Controle par mesures | Control carried out using measuring instruments | 112. Registration control E. Registration control F. Controle par enregistrement | Control carried out by registration of values \u200b\u200bof controlled parameters of products or processes | 113. Organoleptic control * E. Organoleptic inspection F. Controle organoleptique | Control in which the primary information is perceived by the senses | 114. Visual the control E. Visual inspection F. Controle visuel | Organoleptic control by the organs of vision | 115. Technical inspection E. Technical check-up F. Visite technique | Control carried out mainly with the help of the senses and, if necessary, means of control, the nomenclature of which is established by the relevant documentation |
ALPHABETIC INDEX
Approval of test equipment 18
Certification of testing organizations and departments 34
Test procedure certification 15
Test type 4
Control type 85
Reproducibility of test methods and results 21
Test data 22
Challenges 1
Certification tests 51
Biological tests 70
Departmental tests 41
State tests 39
Boundary tests 79
Finishing tests 42
Research trials 35
Inspection tests 49
Qualifying tests 45
Climatic tests 63
Structural tests 42
Control tests 36
Laboratory tests 53
Magnetic tests 68
Interdepartmental tests 40
Mechanical tests 62
Tests using 57 models
Safety tests 77
Reliability tests 76
Definitive tests 38
Strength tests 73
Transportability tests 78
Resistance tests 74
Full-scale tests 56
Non-destructive testing 71
Tests normal 59
Periodic tests 48
Polygon tests 55
Preliminary tests 43
Bearer tests 46
Acceptance tests 47
Acceptance tests 44
Verification tests 50
Radiation tests 65
Destructive tests 72
Certification tests 52
Abridged tests 61
Comparative tests 37
Bench tests 54
Thermal tests 64
Technological tests 80
Typical tests 50
Accelerated trials 60
Functional tests 75
Chemical tests 69
Operational tests 58
Electrical tests 107
Electromagnetic tests 66
Visual control 114
Selective control 105
Input control 100
Measuring control 111
Inspection control 103
Product quality control 82
Control volatile 106
Continuous monitoring 107
Non-destructive testing 110
Operating control 101
Organoleptic control 113
Periodic control 108
Acceptance control 102
Production control 98
Destructive control 109
Registration control 112
Control continuous 104
Technical control 81
Operational control 99
Test layout 10
Test Method 11
Test Model 9
Control method 87
Destructive control method 88
Non-destructive testing method 89
Test procedure 14
Test equipment 17
Control sample 93
Control scope 86
Test volume 12
Test object 6
Object of technical control 84
Experimental sample 8
Strongpoint of the head organization for state tests 33
Testing organization 26
Organization for state testing of products, head 27
Inspection technical 115
Product quality assessment 83
Subdivision test 31
Subdivision test basic 32
Proving ground 25
Controlled trait 91
Test program 13
Test report 24
Test result 23
Test system 19
Control system 94
Automated control system 96
Control system automatic 97
Departmental 95 control system
Test means 16
Control 90
Test conditions 2
Test conditions normal 3
Checkpoint 92
Accuracy of test results 20
Departmental Testing Center 30
State testing center 28
Republican (regional) testing center 29
(Changed edition. Amendment No. 1).
ALPHABETIC INDEX OF TERMS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1
Accelerated test 60
Acceptance inspection 102
Acceptance test 44
Accuracy of test results 20
Amount of inspection 86
Approval of test procedure * 15
Approval test 47
Assessment of product quality 83
Automated control system 96
Automatic control system 97
Base testing division of head organization 32
Biological test 70
Casual inspection ** 106
Category of test 5
Certification of test equipment * 18
Certification of testing organizations and divisions * 34
Certification test 52
Characteristic under control 91
Comparative test 37
Continuous inspection 107
Control by measurement 111
Departmental management system 95
Departmental test 11
Departmental testing center 30
Destructive inspection 110
Destructive inspection method 88
Destructive test 72
Developmental test 42
Durability test 76
Electric test 67
Electromagnetic test 66
Environmental test 63
Evaluation test * 51
Extent of test 12
Field inspection 99
Functional test 75
Head organization for state product test 27
Incoming inspection 100
In-process test * 80
100% inspection 104
Inspection check-up 103
Inspection means 90
Inspection method 87
Inspection system 94
Inspection test 49
Interdepartmental test 40
Investigation test 35
Item under inspection 84
Item under test 6
Laboratory test 53
Magnetic test 68
Manufacturing supervision 98
Marginal test 79
Mechanical test 62
Mode of inspection 85
Nondestructive inspection 110
Nondestructive inspection method 89
Nondestructive test 71
Normal test conditions 3
Operational inspection 101
Organoleptic inspection 113
Periodical inspection 108
Periodical test 48
Point of inspection 92
Predelivery test * 46
Preliminary test 43
Product quality assessment 83
Product quality inspection 82
Qualification test 45
Radiation test 65
Reference specimen 93
Registration control ** 112
Reliability test 76
Reproducibility of test methods and results 21
Republican (regional) testing center ** 29
Sampling inspection 105
Stability test 74
Stale testing center 28
Strength test 73
Technical check-up 115
Test conditions 2
Test equipment 17
Test procedure 14
Test with modeling 57
Testing division 31
Testing (proving) ground 25
Testing organization 26
Testing station accredited by head organization 33
Transportability test 75
Verification test in situ * 55
Visual inspection 114
ALPHABETIC INDEX OF TERMS IN FRENCH LANGUAGE 1
Agrement des organismes et des unites d'essais 34
Caractere a conlroler 91
Categoric d'essais 5
Center national d'essais 28
Center republicain (regional) d'essais 29
Center sectoriel d'essais 30
Certification de la procedure d'essais 15
Certification de 1'equipement d'essais 14
Conditions d'essais 2
Conditions d'essais normales 3
Controle a 100% 101
Controle a 1'entree 100
Controle continu 107
Controle de fabrication 98
Controle de la qualite des produits 82
Controle de reception 102
Controle des operations * 101
Controle destructif 109
Controle en utilization 99
Controle non-destructif 110
Controle organoleptique 113
Controle par echantillonnage 105
Controle par enregistrement 112
Controle par mesures 111
Controle periodique 108
Controle sectoriel 93
Controle technique 81
Controle visuel 114
Controle volant 106
Donnees d'essais 22
Echantillon pour essai 7
Equipement d'essais 17
Essais acceleres 60
Essais au banc 54
Essais au terrain 55
Essais avec utilization des modeles * 57
Essais biologiques 70
Essais climatiques 63
Essais comparatifs 37
Essais d'acceptation 44
Essais d'aptitude au transport 78
Essais d'attestation * 51
Essais de certification 52
Essais de controle 36
Essais de determination 38
Essais d'endurance * 73
Essais de fiabilite 76
Essais de finition 42
Essais de laboratoire 53
Essais de presentation 46
Essais de radiation 65
Essais de recherches 35
Essais de resistance chimique 69
Essais de stabilite * 74
Essais destructits 72
Essais de qualification 45
Essais de reception 47
Essais de securite 77
Essais de technicite ** 80
Essais dinspection * 49
Essais electriqucs 67
Essais electromagnetiques 6
Essais fonctionnels 75
Essais in situ 56
Essais intersectoriels 40
Essais limites 79
Essais magneliques 68
Essais mecaniques 62
Essais non-destructifs 71
Essais normaux 59
Essais ofticiels 39
Essais periodiques 48
Essais pratiques 58
Essais preliminaires 43
Essais secloriels 41
Essais thermiques 64
Essais tronques 61
Estimation de la qualite des produits 83
Maquelle pour essais 10
Methode de controle 87
Methode d'essais 11
Methode destructive 88
Methode non-destructive 89
Modele pour essais 9
Moyen de controle 90
Moyen d'essais 16
Objet a essayer 6
Objet a controler 84
Organisme d'essais 26
Organisme pilote pour les essais officiels des produits 27
Point de controle 92
Precision des resultats d'essais 20
Procedure d'essais 14
Proces-verbal d'essais 24
Program d'essais 13
Reproducibilite des methodes et resultats d "essais 21
Resultats d'essais 23
Specimen temoin 93
Systeme de controle automatique 97
Systeme de controle automatise 96
Systeme d'essais 19
Systeme du controle 94
Systeme du controle sectoriel 95
Taille des essays * 12
Taille du controle * 86
Terrain d'essais 25
Type de controle 85
Type d'essais 4
Unite d'essais 31
Unite d'essais de base d'un organisme pilote ** 32
Visite technique 115
1 Terms marked with a single asterisk (*) are approximate equivalents; terms marked with two asterisks (**) should be considered translation; terms without designations are full equivalents. (Modified edition. Amendment No. 1).
ATTACHMENT 1
Reference
EXPLANATION TO SOME TERMS
To the term "Tests" (p. 1)
The experimental determination of the characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be carried out by using measurements, analyzes, diagnostics, organoleptic methods, by recording certain events during testing (failures, damage), etc. Characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be evaluated if the objective of the tests is to obtain quantitative or qualitative assessments, but can be controlled if the purpose of the tests is only to establish the compliance of the object's characteristics with the specified requirements. In this case, testing is reduced to control. Therefore, a number of test types are control tests, in the process of which the control problem is solved. The most important sign of any tests is the adoption of certain decisions based on their results. Another test sign is the setting of certain test conditions (real or simulated), which are understood as a set of effects on the object and modes the functioning of the object. The determination of the characteristics of the object during testing can be carried out both during the functioning of the object and in the absence of functioning, in the presence of influences, before or after their application.
To the term "Test conditions" (clause 2)
The test conditions include external influencing factors, both natural and artificially created, as well as internal influences caused by the functioning of the object (for example, heating caused by friction or the passage of an electric current) and modes of operation of the object, methods and place of its installation, mounting, fastening, travel speed, etc. (Modified edition. Amendment No. 1).
To the term "Normal test conditions" (clause 3)
Normal test conditions (values \u200b\u200bof influencing factors, modes of operation) should be specified in the NTD for test methods for specific types of products. For example, normal climatic test conditions are established for various types of other technical products. Normal conditions for linear and angle measurements, etc.
A wide range of types of tests, combined in the category of tests, is characterized by the organizational characteristics of their conduct, namely, the level (state, interdepartmental, departmental tests), development stages (preliminary, acceptance), various types of tests of finished products (qualification, acceptance, periodic Based on the results of all these tests, the object as a whole is assessed and an appropriate decision is made - about the possibility of presenting the product for acceptance tests, about putting the product into production, about the end of the development of serial production, about the possibility of its continuation, about assignment to a product of one or another quality category, etc.
To the term "Test object" (clause 6)
The main feature of the test object is that, based on the results of its tests, one or another decision is made on this object - about its suitability or rejection, about the possibility of presenting it for the next tests, about the possibility of serial production, and others. tests can be a single product or a batch of products subjected to continuous or random control, a separate sample or a batch of products from which a specimen specified in NTD is taken. The test object can be a mock-up or model of a product and the decision based on the test results can relate directly to the mock-up or model. However, if, when testing a product, some of its elements have to be replaced by models for testing or certain characteristics of the product are determined on models, then the object of testing remains the product itself, the performance of which is assessed on the basis of model tests. Examples: 1. A computer is tested as part of input and output devices, a memory device, an arithmetic device, etc. The computer as a whole is considered the test object. One of several communication channels is presented for testing. In this case, the test object is this communication system channel. 3. A batch of TVs with a volume of N... Of N products are sampled in n products for which the characteristics of their properties are determined. Based on the use of selective methods of assessment and control, the test results apply to the entire batch of N TVs. In this case, the test object is the entire batch of N TVs.
To the term "Test program" (clause 13)
The test program must contain test methods or references to them, if these methods are drawn up as independent documents.
To the term "Test procedure" (clause 14)
The test methodology, which essentially determines the technological process of their conduct, can be formalized in an independent document or in a test program, or in a regulatory and technical document for products (standards, technical conditions). The test procedure must be certified.
To the term "Test Tool" (p. 16)
The term test means covers any technical means used during testing. This includes, first of all, test equipment (clause 17), which is understood as means of reproducing test conditions (clause 2). The means of testing include measuring instruments, both built into the test equipment, and used during tests to measure certain characteristics of an object or control test conditions. Test means should also include auxiliary technical devices for fastening the test object, registration and processing of results. Test means also include basic and auxiliary substances and materials (reagents, etc.) used in the tests.
To the term "Test system" (clause 19)
The main characteristic feature of any test system is the presence of some organized set of performers (organizations or individuals) who have the necessary testing facilities and interact with certain test objects according to the established rules. In this sense, one speaks, for example, of a system for testing agricultural machines based on the machine testing stations of the State Committee for Agriculture; on the system of state testing of measuring instruments based on metrological institutes and regulated by the relevant state standards; on the system of state testing of the most important types of products, based on the head organizations for state testing and regulated by an appropriate set of regulatory documents.
To the term " Reproducibility of test methods and results "(clause 21)
The reproducibility of test methods and results, in addition to the test procedure (including the method, means, algorithm for carrying out, etc.), can largely depend on the properties of the test object. If the object is, for example, a batch of products subjected to random tests, then such tests The supplier and the consumer can be carried out on identical samples selected from a given batch, in which case the heterogeneity of the products can significantly, sometimes decisively, affect the reproducibility of test results. (Modified edition. Amendment No. 1).
To the term "Research trials" (p. 35)
Research tests are carried out with the aim of: determining or assessing the performance indicators of the tested object under certain conditions of its use; choosing the best modes of using the object or the best characteristics of the object's properties; comparing the set of options for implementing the object during design and certification; building a mathematical model of the functioning of the object (estimating the parameters of the mathematical model); selection of essential factors influencing the performance indicators of the object; selection of the type of mathematical model of the object (among a given set of options).
To the term "State tests" (p. 39)
By the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 695 of July 12, 1979, the concept of "state tests" was extended to the most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes. The head organizations for state tests of these types of products approved in accordance with the decree are entrusted with conducting a wide range of state tests, including, along with acceptance tests, also tests of serial products, imported products, certification and other types of tests. Accordingly, the content of the concept of "state tests" for the indicated most important types of products has been changed. At the same time, for other important types of products, to which the activities of parent organizations do not apply, the previous content of the concept of "state tests" has been preserved as acceptance tests conducted by the state commission with the addition of the possibility of their conducting by organizations to which such a right is granted.
To the term "Interdepartmental tests" (p. 40)
For certain types of products, the concept of "interdepartmental testing" by the decision of the ministries concerned can refer only to certain categories of tests (for example, only to acceptance tests), regardless of the fact that representatives of different ministries may also participate in commissions for testing other categories.
To the term "Acceptance tests" (clause 44)
Acceptance tests of prototypes or batches of products are carried out to resolve the issue of the feasibility of putting these products into production, and acceptance tests of unit-made products are carried out to resolve the issue of the feasibility of transferring these products into operation (GOST 15.001-88 *). * GOST R 15.201-2000 is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation. (Modified edition. Amendment No. 1).
To the term "Acceptance tests" (p. 47)
Routine tests are usually carried out by the product manufacturer. If the manufacturer has a representative of the customer, acceptance tests are carried out by him in the presence of a representative of the manufacturer.
To the term "Certification tests" (p. 52)
The procedure and conditions for conducting certification tests are established in the certification documentation. Based on the results of these tests, the compliance of product quality with the requirements of national or international standards is checked.
To the term "Bench tests" (p. 54)
The concept of a "test bench" is interpreted differently in different industries. So, for example, in the vibration testing technique, a vibration test bench is understood as a vibrating table on which the tested product is installed, and the entire set of control and measurement tools, together with the table, is called a vibration unit. An engine test bench, on the contrary, includes the entire set of tools necessary to carry out these tests. There are great differences in the interpretation of this term and in foreign terminology. Since the term "test equipment" (clause 17) as a means of testing for reproducing test conditions completely covers all interpretations of the concept of "test bench", then, accordingly, the common term " bench tests"Is defined as tests carried out on test equipment.
To the term "Natural tests" (p. 56)
Full-scale tests are carried out if three main conditions are met: 1. Tests are carried out directly on manufactured products (i.e. the test object) without the use of product models or its components. 2. The tests are carried out under the conditions and under the impacts on the products, corresponding to the conditions and impacts of the intended use. 3. The determined characteristics of the properties of the test object are measured directly without using analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object and its components. It is allowed to use the mathematical apparatus for statistical processing of experimental data. Examples: 1. A radar station with a circular view is presented for testing. The purpose of the tests is to determine the detection range by this station of an aircraft of a given type with a given reflective surface. In the process of testing, aircraft flights with a given reflecting surface are carried out along pre-selected routes, the radar detection range is determined directly (the radar coordinates are known in advance, the aircraft coordinates are known for any moment in time), the detection time is determined during the tests. In this case, all three of the above conditions are met. Consequently, the radar has been subjected to full-scale tests. The tests will remain full-scale if, instead of an aircraft, a certain physical body with characteristic movements is used, close to the characteristics of an aircraft of a given type with a given reflecting surface. 2. In the conditions of example 1, tests are carried out without using an aircraft. During the tests, the sensitivity of the receiving path of the radar, the transmitter power, the frequency of the radiated energy, etc. are measured directly. The measurement results are substituted into the radar formula and the radar detection range is determined. In this case, the third of the above conditions is not met (in fact, a mathematical model is used - the radar formula) and the radar tests are not full-scale.
To the term "Tests using models" (p. 57)
Tests using models include calculations on mathematical or physical and mathematical models of the test object and (or) impacts on it in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components (experimental-theoretical test method), as well as the use of a physical model of the test object or its component parts. The data of full-scale tests are necessary as initial data for modeling, and are also used to check the correct functioning of the test object (correct joining of the component parts of the object, the ability of the object to perform the tasks for which it is intended to be solved, etc.).
To the term "Operational tests" (p. 58)
One of the main types of performance tests is trial operation. In addition, controlled operation can be carried out, which to some extent conditionally can also be attributed to operational tests. Supervised exploitation is a natural exploitation, the course and results of which are observed by personnel specially designed and trained for this purpose (additional or regular) and guided by the documentation, also developed specifically for collecting, recording and primary processing of information, the source of which is supervised exploitation.
To the terms
"Mechanical tests" (p. 62),
"Climatic tests" (p. 63),
{!LANG-73908b7a40ba37b78580c35a5f2f1486!}
{!LANG-da8cad54b1ee2d4b11546e8cad60472d!}
{!LANG-c4c6722b31f608a41b5652834b574d78!}
{!LANG-bd3a203f7201da2ff20aff8967541291!}
{!LANG-482043d8c7d63831d325aae41b748d52!}
{!LANG-bcec03739e86a2eca07ea530fa1d71b6!}
{!LANG-9f55c78f99a0aa8ade817930bca69689!}
{!LANG-d701ec9fc5ef9ff07c28376e4c2909f7!} (Modified edition. Amendment No. 1).
{!LANG-479d632d7773336d19791e7e6edbd963!}
{!LANG-b1cb0c00506248c792ebf7219cbafa6c!}
{!LANG-8f623ab61bcbcbdc3bb32a6e4c340c39!}
{!LANG-55d123f23a306bb7cf857ef6ea4fc035!}
{!LANG-e535ed9133c3d4ba1f658ad1e901f247!}
{!LANG-2e852dda6479be460a98fa617f20b454!}
{!LANG-0c0ea9cc07a4c4de763c370b273bc248!}
{!LANG-6018a19ede01766972670ad2795b49a4!}
{!LANG-45b686f682f99d92b85490936cc8e5bc!}
{!LANG-00386990dd1b8954b726a4cb55e0c660!}
{!LANG-6dd1d3b313dfea71fd2f203d63fa46c7!}
{!LANG-5c206e4a9b4fda123f5bffaaca77738c!}
{!LANG-fe8ac59feae4677cf4d2a810219fe1d3!}
{!LANG-bafb21116f22eef5ce353ab1ddc1e435!}
{!LANG-2f7acfed0b4545688d52ee38c2d573ba!}
{!LANG-899bf8e0fc355e40cd7dab67de6f220e!}
{!LANG-7132b45e73b9d9822b9addb371cf9d77!}
{!LANG-3498c8f247bd5987e1b7c66f0224852e!}
{!LANG-8d12e301305776dc406d3c992ad354a8!}
{!LANG-bea9f2d2c22b8c7af8e5ba5b0b6d2288!}
{!LANG-83644aa9e742d6b2ae32d04f97964f0d!}
|
{!LANG-53f332c4370039dcea536903a677d0cc!} |
Test type |
| {!LANG-8e7ac9cea64125652c542785539ee8d9!} | {!LANG-93e659b527f1582feced77d90c1cfefa!} |
| {!LANG-e374066377e0d027debb1c114e411ae3!} | |
| {!LANG-2666c468cf936b3afb3af8fcba478ab4!} | |
| {!LANG-b554a446eafadccc7cee70bf9d61665d!} | |
| {!LANG-d28f0ae19ee1f63276932c1e5a5a9705!} | {!LANG-6edacfb3c471875725f511d030f243e5!} |
| {!LANG-b991ab1794e9784ba5ac7e506bf544e0!} | |
| {!LANG-ec0cb1604942cc131d7856868259610b!} | |
| {!LANG-58a0885642eeae39034c40e3b2b1dce7!} | {!LANG-404bf73694bff60b6f877268b1260b67!} |
| {!LANG-c92c9802c37991d2bb12e53b9e865077!} | |
| {!LANG-ce753c26eaa14204240b4c1f1aba99a1!} | |
| {!LANG-f35a12dc5ff1d6e9c9087a950bc4d43f!} | {!LANG-5fe6ce404eefbc4d4421531a8c6759c2!} |
| {!LANG-631c4070d3d9ddc4f44b7b6e4b70e45f!} | |
| {!LANG-a30e6850122d2d44e11c1c9c7db6f446!} | |
| {!LANG-1f50a0b712c727c20d4f9dffe8ecabf1!} | |
| {!LANG-919fe7cef186f4a05b4e91c507bce64e!} | |
| {!LANG-4ec23e92eb45f58d823a2f86e56d930e!} | |
| {!LANG-5a46f95b57aa04613c69ea83263c1f3e!} | |
| {!LANG-b5becb7f2a412f97ca8352a8130bd2d2!} | |
| {!LANG-6c233b3d3260f4818aaab6373d23bff7!} | {!LANG-e3877e62abb3b8ad4e326614f6ea6be7!} |
| {!LANG-7dc8333cb3e00d96a98964b3fd67f9d9!} | |
| {!LANG-53143f5b39a4916deb556f0908d36813!} | |
| {!LANG-1c8bcc486c76c6bb5a322a152d8112d6!} | |
| {!LANG-adc213e29887322575494ae7ff6cfc1a!} | |
| {!LANG-e7ada4e0ea9b0b99caaafcf501812c8f!} | |
| {!LANG-53c452b5ae45c1dbc283c09795d278b6!} | {!LANG-4c54a6642dfc441155c82e6d12548c04!} |
| {!LANG-81d9c85b353f8a7beccc01559dcef658!} | |
| {!LANG-62442fefeb09dbb7122cb1c332d7c69e!} | |
| {!LANG-fc5e2de25db0aa681b7b70cee4be9aed!} | {!LANG-4244a9312b88714cdc44c136c756c559!} |
| {!LANG-e947c97bfdceaf6fa638418f372ef64f!} | |
| {!LANG-030809ac5a6fb722cdb8b6226e860ded!} | |
| {!LANG-2996b7b6b626b4ba3ec2097ca5584f17!} | |
| {!LANG-4e678f58e409d2d6b95fa1523b264dc8!} | |
| {!LANG-9e41a12b051b1e39fab3414b107c1ca0!} | |
| {!LANG-3a85939872b948acbae9de322860b28c!} | |
| {!LANG-ba8c1104ead330c12208ed817e602126!} | |
| {!LANG-8747cef89f891c1dc3ce2d12c521ff3a!} | |
| {!LANG-d60e4db4c52546821f0cb3d9caf0dfbf!} | {!LANG-b4f26749c4b05a16618a8c866598c854!} |
| {!LANG-85fd5ee0a409dec325132046c2b6908c!} | |
| {!LANG-5b0672c479c9a41c3b1a7e9c093ff989!} | |
| {!LANG-64317c8080606c1dfc523190af3f2985!} | |
| {!LANG-8287e003d456852c3f5e5629171f126c!} | |
| {!LANG-42b4100e61dc8ee5a546838cdad20d5b!} | {!LANG-2659b8d3dadef3325d9f6ca4cdeb82fd!} |
| {!LANG-252c20548e6cddc78c5eeb6f98a073f1!} | |
| {!LANG-5a2863fef40cf65887f0e03ab11fcf5e!} | |
| {!LANG-ca20b2c0327284ea8883aff384151867!} | |
| {!LANG-4f23e989e0b412ed737d70e6054cf3f4!} | |
| {!LANG-51a55df6ad36cab9d125a68e9dde0419!} |
{!LANG-d8ad79faabe9f25aabf2bd76ecdd7721!}
|
{!LANG-92746405c24a6e5f8cec3af29ab0c6a8!} |
{!LANG-1171d3c9e5368671d7ecb3796d4a9b42!} |
| {!LANG-cc23bfbbae3916d8295a5ccb309beda1!} | {!LANG-08d5a3d8e331a09e2e92ebebe07eaaba!} |
| {!LANG-3614fab596f2c5d2b8c0619f6803e989!} | |
| {!LANG-63fcbf4fc0a213562b5027f8c9d2ac08!} | {!LANG-0bca3a72e52a4ab0fd9b03bf73643322!} |
| {!LANG-3d9f024eca890327389b1e57d71d1385!} | |
| {!LANG-9105a53f0e137369fcbc78e18d4cbf96!} | |
| {!LANG-8fce28e550b9cd9d6e4945b5d01f32bc!} | |
| {!LANG-bb77af4b950e4e05ab21b3c858af8254!} | {!LANG-5c580db784d6812ea9c06a08d3cd154e!} |
| {!LANG-03f7fbb99be2a71c6b33ed86a591118e!} | |
| {!LANG-b9daaba4d9b30a5853902342d0292077!} | |
| {!LANG-f01f169d6315880190916e15c14ade99!} | |
| {!LANG-c8ecffc8c04fc57f7b5f059566ee4874!} | |
| {!LANG-79f52278abce9d2b63c86a432daeab9e!} | {!LANG-7d1acb5a961ee1ee9b61b3148454668d!} |
| {!LANG-cdfdc69a4f401c8c2682bf9473731f57!} | |
| {!LANG-e9725ed4553e1204dc572dc3a080d3e3!} | {!LANG-4e359765850842797d4ab6d4db7505d6!} |
| {!LANG-6ae666547e06d61a7eba8c1e9c5b4655!} | |
| {!LANG-651990b4e51ee02ef6b9b9cbc7199882!} | |
| {!LANG-0f5043b166b8728febb63544662270ab!} | |
| {!LANG-d7d2e4a8bde0c2e4536c4120fdb056f6!} |
{!LANG-2e4c72f0eff4d66dcdb21d73e34ad4a5!}
{!LANG-ae5ddc6316a29eaf7c187e743a918b2e!}
{!LANG-019707d49af60c9f4f7e403d550c73f3!}
{!LANG-bbde2bc4a583a65a109b637433e307a9!}
{!LANG-ad31064ff082f09582ba220f6333808a!}
{!LANG-53e4b33841505104b431e012bc2f7f8f!}
{!LANG-33fc62068cfdc3e5d983eae79d2036a9!}
{!LANG-1328ce243e957fc2b26e18ab026e1a80!}
{!LANG-98af7eaea77ef9114eec07f07a43a1b8!}
{!LANG-7a40d19716d86faa1ec1b89921267b51!}
{!LANG-62d32083ba9ee75490d7ec17874f64ec!}
{!LANG-1ca1ae92931c94890a1cac2b1cfb9106!}
{!LANG-27909ab4a964930bddddc87443252bac!}
{!LANG-ffacf9ba5aee568d2758cf209bfcc873!}
{!LANG-a5d90363563bf40f7f24daff36fc4631!}
{!LANG-b9e1bedfc350afc871caadc16b67798d!}
{!LANG-c9ae181da82e25156e7acd297cd4cd17!}
{!LANG-d03048c6e1e60c9009be07971138f415!}
{!LANG-7f4d935e08d889b3e1aa2f4310ede7de!}
{!LANG-fc260714b33ef8161df526a6dc00268b!}
{!LANG-aa443a6617829e86bdd4cd3e1fe40c79!}
{!LANG-cf718512ba8fed2229a6dfb243abd5ac!}
{!LANG-9ce5bc84e764ba62c87e19a9866c97a6!}
{!LANG-89b88f01f19cd8e358a0ac1ae063fdc4!}
{!LANG-75244936c1629338746200638f1db393!}
{!LANG-086ea30e4e1a1d0cdf29782f5cd52c86!}
{!LANG-0126a97b1af4566e1dd8ff713361ea13!}
{!LANG-9fe11b1d351070cce2dcf38f9d99698e!}
{!LANG-b7f44afa473d2afe6bb688c42ebf9cd0!}< Хн;
{!LANG-8dd903e172a980a67db574c136d409ae!}
{!LANG-372d95163fe6f5294fc59673e003c09b!}< X < Хв. Результатом контроля является не число, а одно из взаимоисключающих утверждений:
{!LANG-5b24ef8ce4967424200cfb0476f9afbd!}
{!LANG-31695bc77b22be3067033639fb0b72e6!}
{!LANG-b11e93dd425b82d8611ed9a1528a688b!}
{!LANG-4a804f7baefa4632c70e6c731f9bcddb!}
{!LANG-a33149e93fee8a9a9e721eff0e149189!}
{!LANG-01f12a96db766fb259346ab24803468b!}< Хр или X >{!LANG-7c375c5bcd47ce5d9b86c25bb9bcf0dd!}< Хн или Х0 >{!LANG-d877c3dec4488f23abdc371937cf1334!}
{!LANG-436eef651f610f6f2a2de182529905be!}< ХН или Х0 >{!LANG-e45e0fb26b5ffa76716a72c03f909646!}
{!LANG-bfaa60535639d0dd2dfb79c53bcd183d!}< Хн или Х >{!LANG-748e9a4731b1d6e1d4ab44d1937fd231!}
{!LANG-97459e05e9beccce92bf75f0eab76f84!}
{!LANG-8a1ab7d3e2fb744b7d3d698a0335a2e4!}
{!LANG-0c8dbee0535e4f11fa005b22031a8b3f!}
{!LANG-883670dedbf752a8957b3231da64bcb6!}
{!LANG-08933f902eb4d17afc68a0c1971af483!}
{!LANG-5a1416cc320de05cda88f24d0b95c275!}
{!LANG-020007bfd93738f6a69cf9f8961c2994!}
{!LANG-945631720d134f6477055f1813072c19!}
{!LANG-f713d16b0d5ee121bae528e858e78a40!}
{!LANG-855d99a34aed9f961bea5297dd45f7a5!}
{!LANG-717c8c6998d717eadc22e2f24cc36c01!}
{!LANG-599a178bf7cea35fc12eb850f838f6a7!}
{!LANG-639785c355d51e385da543cf4f84142e!}
{!LANG-618d1b4303d57118de24f4530067fba3!}
{!LANG-aeffcafe074eb73d2fbc9a897dfe19fe!}
{!LANG-6213b00abf234b45a6bd0b71534d13e5!}
{!LANG-ea44c4c6a21542e6e1d56a214ba36dbd!}
{!LANG-0978e44e6cc6786f3b76c8922882f8dc!}
{!LANG-45dcb00afc35cbc32a89095c8e150823!}
{!LANG-e507194b26cf424198f3c67d6053ae70!}
{!LANG-b828faa703d8fc66c80a199b6b142b52!}
{!LANG-efa9a0c32a9a2365993a4883bf296e89!}
{!LANG-6062977de65e96c6391e4dfb1f4bc0b4!}
