The very first official historical document confirming the existence of Ancient Rus' is considered to be the “Annals of Bertin” - the chronicle of the Saint-Bertin Monastery. It contains a record dated 839 about the ambassadors of the people of Ros, who, as part of the Byzantine delegation, arrived at the headquarters of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious.
Louis, becoming interested in the representatives of a hitherto unknown people, found out that they belonged to the Svei tribe, one of the ancestors of modern Swedes. But the Svei embassy visited Louis’s headquarters back in 829; this circumstance confirmed the emperor’s suspicions that the arrivals were ambassadors of an unknown people.
The “Annals of Bertin” are considered among historians to be an official reliable written source, which was compiled almost in the wake of current events. Therefore, this evidence looks much more convincing than later sources about the state of Rurik, which were written from oral traditions 200 years after the events.
In addition, in the list of peoples and tribes called “Bavarian,” which, according to recent research, was compiled in the first quarter of the 11th century, long before the emergence of the state of Rurik, Rus' is mentioned as the northern neighbor of the Khazars. All this evidence suggests that, in addition to the State of Rurik and Kievan Rus there was another, more ancient Russian state that had a ruler who sent ambassadors.
The Tale of Bygone Years
According to other official historical sources, such as, for example, the most ancient Russian code “The Tale of Bygone Years,” the year 862 is considered to be the year of formation of Ancient Rus'. According to this code, in this year the union of northern peoples, which included Finno-Ugric and Slavic tribes, invited the Varangians from overseas to reign. This was done in order to stop internal internecine wars and strife. Rurik came to reign, who first settled in Ladoga, and after the death of his brothers, he cut down the city of Novgorod and founded the Novgorod principality.
In modern historiography, there is an opinion that what is described in the “Tale of Bygone Years” about the calling of the Varangians is not completely reliable. Many historians believe that power was most likely seized by Rurik as a result of the overthrow of the Novgorod prince, and the chronicler Nestor, despite this, decided to present the Varangians as the mystical founders of Novgorod, like Kiy, Shchek and Horeb for Kyiv. Nevertheless, the year 862 is considered to be the practically generally accepted date for the formation of Ancient Rus' as a state.
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Rus- originally the historical name of the lands of the Eastern Slavs and the first state of Ancient Rus'. First used as the name of the state in the text of the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911, earlier evidence deals with the ethnonym Rus(that is Rus as a name of a people). According to the chronicler of the Tale of Bygone Years, the name came from the Varangians of the Rus tribe, called up by the Novgorod Slavs in 862 as a military squad.
In historiography, the question of the existence of an earlier state on the lands of the Eastern Slavs, which received the code name Russian Kaganate, is debated, but the lack of evidence relates Russian Kaganate to the field of historical hypotheses.
Formation of the state of Rus'
The earliest historical document testifying to the existence of the Old Russian state is the Old French (Western Carolingian) chronicle "Annals of the Saint-Bertin Monastery" (Bertinian Annals). Its author and eyewitness to the events described, named Galindo (later Bishop Prudentius), reports the arrival in May 839 of the embassy of the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos II in the capital of the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious. The Byzantine delegation included ambassadors of the people of Russia ( rhos), sent to Constantinople by a ruler identified in the text as a Khakan ( chacanus). These two terms definitely indicate that we're talking about about the state, the capital of which in the 10th century was the city of Kyiv. Similar designations of the people and their ruler in relation to Kievan Rus are present in Arabic ( ar-Rus - hakan) and Old Russian ( Rose - kagan) literary traditions of the X - XII centuries.
The earliest Russian chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years (beginning of the 12th century), describes the formation of Rus' in this way. The Union of Northern Peoples, which included the Slavic tribes Slovene and Krivichi, as well as the Finno-Ugric tribes Chud and Ves, invited the princes and their military squad from overseas in order to stop internal strife and internecine wars:
It was with the campaign of 860, if you trust the text of the chronicle verbatim, that its author connected the beginning of the Russian land:
« In the year 6360 (852), index 15, when Michael began to reign, the Russian land began to be called. We learned about this because under this king Rus' came to Constantinople, as it is written about in the Greek chronicles».
In the chronicler’s subsequent calculations it is said that “ from the birth of Christ to Constantine is 318 years, from Constantine to Michael this is 542 years", thus the chronicle incorrectly names the year of the beginning of the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III. There is a point of view that by 6360 the chronicler meant 860. It is indicated according to the Alexandrian era, which historians also call Antioch (to convert it to the modern era, 5500 years should be subtracted). However, the indication of the indict corresponds exactly to 852.
In those days, the Varangians-Rus created at least two independent centers. Rurik collected lands around Ladoga and Novgorod; Askold and Dir, Rurik’s fellow tribesmen, reigned in Kyiv. Kievan Rus (Varangians who rule in the lands of the glades) accepted Christianity from the bishop of Constantinople.
As the Old Russian state developed, namely in 882, its capital was moved to Kyiv by Prince Oleg, Rurik's successor. Oleg killed the Kyiv princes Askold and Dir, uniting the Novgorod and Kyiv lands into a single state. Later historians designated this period as the times of Ancient or Kievan Rus (based on the location of the capital).
Archaeological evidence
Archaeological research confirms the fact of great socio-economic changes in the lands of the Eastern Slavs in the middle of the 9th century. In general, the results of archaeological research do not contradict the legend of the Tale of Bygone Years about the calling of the Varangians in 862.
Development of ancient Russian cities
At the end of the 830s, Ladoga burned down and the composition of its population changed again. Now it clearly shows the noticeable presence of the Scandinavian military elite (Scandinavian male military burials, “Thor's hammers”, etc.)
Origin of the name "Rus"
As follows from chronicle sources, the first multinational state Eastern Slavs Rus' got its name from the Varangians-Rus. Before the calling of the Varangians, the territory of the first Russian state was inhabited by Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes under their own names. Old Russian chroniclers, the earliest of whom was the early 12th-century monk Nestor, simply note that "».
from then on the Varangians were nicknamed the Russian land Rus No Varangian Scandinavian tribes or clans with the name were noted Rus or close to it, because currently there are several versions of the appearance of the name
- , none of which are generally accepted. All versions are divided into
- historical, derived from the testimony of contemporary authors;
- linguistic, derived from similar-sounding words in Scandinavian, Slavic or other languages.
toponymic, derived on the basis of geographical names, somehow related by location to Russia;
Historical Byzantine version Literally the German chronicler points to Ros Literally the German chronicler points to as the self-name of the people, but it is unknown whether he had this information from the Russians themselves or was conveyed to him through the Byzantines. Thus, the Byzantines called some Swedes (in the 9th century only Vikings traveled among the Swedes) a people , but the West Franks recognized the Swedes, and moreover, they immediately became wary, because they had already begun to fear Viking raids. This happened even before the formation of the Old Russian state, when the Varangians were in no way associated with the Slavs. The name of the king of the Rus - kagan - possibly a translation of Swedish king into the Turkic language, which is closer and more understandable to the Byzantines hakan
, but may also indicate the existence of a state formation on the lands of the Eastern Slavs before the arrival of Rurik, the so-called Russian Kaganate. About the fact that it was the Byzantines who nicknamed the Varangians dew
, testifies Liutprand of Cremona, ambassador of the Italian king Berengarius to Byzantium in 949: “In the northern regions there is a certain people who, according to their Greeks, appearance
they call them Ρονσιος, Rusios, but we call them “Normans” after their place of residence... The king of this people was [then] Inger [Igor Rurikovich]..."
The confusion of the name Rus and the color red in Greek is illustrated by a characteristic example when, in a translation from Greek of Theophanes’ “Chronography”, a modern Russian-language translator writes about the campaign of the Byzantines in 774: “ Constantine moved a fleet of two thousand ships against Bulgaria, and himself boarded Russians ships, intended to sail to the Danube River" In fact, they meant imperial ships decorated with purple. The Latin translator of the Pope, the librarian Anastasius, who translated Theophanes’ “Chronography” at the end of the 9th century, translated the Greek word in exactly this way ρουσια V rubea(red).
Indo-Iranian version
Indo-Iranian version insists that the ethnonym “ros” has a different origin than “rus”, being much more ancient. Supporters of this opinion, also originating from M.V. Lomonosov, note that the people “grew” were first mentioned in the 6th century in the “Church History” by Zechariah the Rhetor, where they are placed in the Northern Black Sea region. From this point of view, it is traced back to the Iranian-speaking (Sarmatian) tribes of the Roxalans or Rosomons, mentioned by ancient authors. The most fully substantiated by O. N. Trubachev (*ruksi “bright, holy” > *rutsi > *russi > rus).
A version of this theory was developed by G.V. Vernadsky, who placed the original territory of the Rus in the Kuban delta and believed that they learned their name from the Roxalans (“light Alans”), who, in his opinion, were part of the Antes.
At the same time, he considered the Rus to be ethnic Scandinavians.
In the 60s The 20th century Ukrainian archaeologist D.T. Berezovets proposed to identify the Alan population of the Don region with the Rus. Currently, this hypothesis is being developed by E. S. Galkina. In the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 912, the Varangians with Scandinavian names call themselves “ from a Russian family
" However, the text of the agreement is a translation from Greek into Slavic, and does not reflect the original form of the Varangians’ self-name, Prophetic Oleg. That is, the text of the treaty initially included the name of the Rus in Greek, which may have differed from their self-name, but was preserved in a reverse translation into Slavic.
Historical and toponymic Prussian version
“And from Prus, the fourth on ten knees is Rurik. And at that time in Novegrad, a certain elder named Gostomysl, ended his life, and called the owner of Novagrad with him, and said: “I give you advice, so send wise men to the Prussian land and call the prince from the existing clans there” ... And the ambassadors The Novogradskys went to the Prussian land and found Prince Rurik.”
If the Scandinavian Rurik came with a retinue from Prussia, it is possible that he brought with him the name Rusya (Rus). Indirectly, the arrival of Rurik from Prussia is confirmed by the direction of trade flows from the Varangians to the Greeks. As archaeologists suggest, the first Arab coins appeared through Rus' in the Prussian lands.
Historical hydronym marked in Prussian lands Russ as the name of the Neman in the lower reaches. This is a late German variant of the name, which also has an earlier spelling Russe, that is, Rusa, which is identified with the modern Lithuanian name Rusne (probably generalized from the Rusa branch). In the same ancient Prussian region near modern times. Velewo (Braniewo County, Poland) has a river hydronym, written in German form as Russa. Both names come from the Baltic root "to flow slowly".
The oldest channel of the Neman was the Nemonin River, which flows into the Curonian Lagoon. Between him, Nemonin and modern. Rusne (Ruksa) was a huge island, which could have had the ancient Skalov name Rusya (Rus). The main argument in favor of the Prussian theory is the inexplicable from the point of view of direct borrowing from Scandinavian to Slavic languages the word knight (if directly borrowed it would be vitsyag from Scand. Viking). The mediator could only be the Prussian language, in which noble warriors are called Vitings from Late Prussian Vitingis
with a soft base. The Scandinavian combination “ki” was adopted by the Prussians as “ti” according to the laws of Baltic palatalization, while the syllable -ting- naturally gave rise to the Russian -tyaz. It is necessary to take into account identical burials near Kyiv and on the Samland Peninsula, as well as the trident sign (sign of the Rurikovichs), found on the stones of Samland in the form of an image of a falling falcon (princely sign). Moreover, one of the oldest streets in Novgorod is Prusskaya (no later than the 12th century). The Prussian theory was substantiated in detail for the first time in 2001 in the Poznan linguistic collection in honor of prof. Dr. M. Khasyuk: Old Prussian share in creating the first Russian State: Break of the Millennium Comments to the Norman Theory./ In: Festschrift Dr. Michal Hasiuk. Poznan, University, 2001.
- South Russian or Middle Dnieper etymology of the word Rus widespread among Russian and Soviet historians, linking the word to a number of place names of the Middle Dnieper and historical ethnonyms.
The name Rus is derived from the hydronym Ros (Old Russian: Ръьь), the name of the right tributary of the Dnieper south of Kyiv. Archaeologists have not discovered any significant monuments of the ancient Russian era in the immediate area of the Ros River to consider the name of this river as a formative factor for the name of the people. In addition, linguists doubt the possibility of the transition of the original name R's to Rus, namely from at The ethnonym Rus is fundamentally known in the Slavic environment. That is, even if the people were nicknamed not in Slavic Russian, then this word could not, according to the rules of Slavic word formation, go into Russians. The population living along the Ros River is called in the chronicle porshans.
- Toponym Rusa.
In the Resurrection Chronicle of the mid-16th century there is such a version of the origin of the eponym Rus: « And the Slovenians came from the Danube and sat down near Lake Ladoga, and from there they came and sat down near Lake Ilmen, and were called by a different name, and called the Rus rivers for the sake of Russa, who also fell into Lake Ilmen" The mention of the Russa River was an insertion by the chronicler, as evidenced by a comparison with the text of the earlier Sofia First Chronicle of the early 15th century. Later appearance of the eponym Rus began to be associated not with the river, but with the name of the city of Rusa. The settlement of Rous (that is, Rus) was first mentioned in Novgorod birch bark document No. 526, dating back to the 2nd half of the 11th century. Archaeological excavations make it possible to date the emergence of Staraya Russa no earlier than the end of the 10th century..
- Linguists also doubt the possibility of transferring the name of the river or the city of Rusa to the name of the tribe. The inhabitants of Rus were called in the chronicles
- Rushani Rus There are hypotheses that trace the name Rus' to the name of the island of Rügen in the Baltic (legendary Buyan), which was inhabited by the Ruyan Slavs in the 9th century.
Attempts are being made to link
with similar-sounding ethnonyms - names of peoples mentioned by ancient authors in the northern regions of the Black Sea.
The candidates were the Iranian-speaking Roxalans and Rosomons, the mythical people of Ros (Hros), mentioned by Pseudo-Zachary back in the 6th century and opposing the Amazons.- an ethnonym designating the inhabitants of Kievan Rus. In the singular, a representative of the people of Rus' was called Rusin or "Rousin", and a resident of Rus' was called "Rus" or "Rous". If in the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911 (the Treaty of Prophetic Oleg) it is not entirely clear whether all the inhabitants of Rus' were called Rus, or only the Varangians-Rus, then in the Russian-Byzantine treaty
THE BEGINNING OF Rus'
This book is devoted to the political history of the Old Russian state, and therefore we do not touch on the complex issue of the origin of the Eastern Slavs, we do not present hypotheses about the area of their original habitat - about their “ancestral home”, we do not consider the relationship of the Slavs with their neighbors, in a word, we do not touch upon the prehistory of Rus'. This is a special area of knowledge - the lot of archaeologists, language historians, ethnographers.
Immediately before the emergence of the Old Russian state - in the 9th century - the East European Plain was inhabited primarily by Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes. The lands of the Slavic tribe Polyan were located in the middle reaches of the Dnieper, in the area of modern Kyiv. To the east and northeast of the glades (from modern Novgorod-Seversky to Kursk) lived the northerners, to the west of Kyiv - the Drevlyans, and to the west of them - the Volynians (Dulebs). In the south of modern Belarus lived the Dregovichi, in the area of Polotsk and Smolensk - the Krivichi, between the Dnieper and Sozh - the Radimichi, in the upper reaches of the Oka - the Vyatichi, in the area surrounding Lake Ilmen - the Slovenes. The Finno-Ugric tribes included the Chud, who lived on the territory of modern Estonia and its adjacent areas; to the east, near Lake Bely, lived the whole (the ancestors of the Vepsians), and further, to the southeast, between the Klyazma and the Volga, the Merya, in the lower reaches of the Oka - the Murom, south of it - the Mordovians. The Baltic tribes - the Yatvingians, Livs, Zhmud - inhabited the territory of modern Latvia, Lithuania and the northeastern regions of Belarus. The Black Sea steppes were the place of nomads of the Pechenegs and then the Polovtsians. In the VIII-XI centuries. from the Seversky Donets to the Volga, and in the south all the way to the Caucasus Range, the territory of the powerful Khazar Kaganate stretched.
All this information is contained in the most valuable source on ancient history Rus' - "Tales of Bygone Years". But it must be taken into account that the “Tale” was created at the beginning of the 12th century, and the chronicle codes preceding it (Nikon’s Code and the Initial Code) were created in the 70s and 90s. XI century Assumptions about more ancient chronicles cannot be reliably substantiated, and we have to assume that the chroniclers of the second half of the 11th-12th centuries. relied largely on oral traditions about events that took place one hundred and fifty to two hundred years before them. That is why in the presentation of the history of the 9th and 10th centuries. much is controversial and legendary, and the exact dates to which certain events are dated, apparently, were put down by the chronicler on the basis of some, perhaps not always accurate, calculations and calculations. The above also applies to the first date mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years - 852.
852 - This year, the chronicler reports, the Russian land began to be “nicknamed”, since it was in this year that the Byzantine Emperor Michael began to reign, and under him “Rus came to Constantinople.” In addition to the factual inaccuracy (Michael III ruled from 842 to 867), there is clearly a trace of some kind of legend in the message: Byzantium could not find out about the existence of Rus' only after the Russian attack on its capital - the empire’s relations with the Eastern Slavs began long before that. Apparently, this campaign is the first event that the chronicler tried to correlate with the Christian chronology; only very unclear reports have been preserved about the earlier contacts of the Rus with Byzantium: at the end of the 8th - first quarter of the 9th century. the Rus attacked Surozh, a Byzantine colony in Crimea; between 825 and 842 the Russian fleet devastated Amastrida, a city in the Byzantine province of Paphlagonia, in the north-west of the Asia Minor peninsula; in 838-839 Russian ambassadors returning from Constantinople found themselves passing through Ingelheim, the residence of Emperor Louis the Pious.
860 - In 860 (and not in 866, as the Tale of Bygone Years claimed) the Russian fleet approached the walls of Constantinople. Late historical tradition names the Kyiv princes Askold and Dir as the leaders of the campaign. Having learned about the attack of Rus', Emperor Michael returned to the capital from a campaign against the Arabs. Up to two hundred Russian rooks approached Constantinople. But the capital was saved. According to one version, the prayers of the Greeks were heard by the Mother of God, revered as the patroness of the city; she sent down a storm that scattered the Russian ships. Some of them were thrown ashore or died, the rest returned home. It was this version that was reflected in the Russian chronicle. But another version is known in Byzantine sources: the Russian fleet left the outskirts of the capital without a fight. It can be assumed that the Byzantines managed to pay off the attackers.
862 - The chronicle claims that this year the tribes that lived in the north of the Russian plain - the Chud, Slovene, Krivichi and all - called from across the sea the Varangians (Swedes) led by Prince Rurik and his brothers Sineus and Truvor, inviting them to reign them. “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it,” those sent to them allegedly told the Varangians. Rurik began to reign in Novgorod, Sineus in Beloozero, Truvor in Izborsk, i.e. in the city centers of the tribes that invited them. In the given legend, much is controversial, much is naive, but it was used by Norman scientists to claim that the Russian state was created by the Varangian aliens. In reality, we could only talk about inviting mercenary squads led by their leaders. The Russian state arose independently as a result of the internal development of the Slavic tribes.
879 - Rurik died, transferring, according to PVL, the reign to his relative - Oleg - due to Igor’s childhood. But this chronicle message is extremely doubtful: having accepted it, it is difficult to explain why Oleg’s “regency” lasted for more than three decades. It is characteristic that in the First Novgorod Chronicle, unlike PVL, Oleg is not a prince at all, but Igor’s governor. Therefore, it is most likely that the direct family ties of Rurik and Igor are a historiographical legend; We are talking about three completely independent princes who succeeded each other at the helm of power.
882 - Oleg moved from Novgorod to the south: he planted his governors in Smolensk and Lyubech (a city on the Dnieper, west of Chernigov), and then approached Kyiv, where, according to the chronicle, Askold and Dir reigned. Having hidden the soldiers in boats, Oleg introduced himself as a merchant, and when Askold and Dir came out of the city to him, he ordered them to be killed.
883 - Oleg went to the Drevlyans and forced them to pay tribute to Kyiv.
884 - Oleg imposed tribute on the northerners, and in 886 on the Radimichi.
907 - Oleg went on a campaign against Byzantium with 2000 ships. He approached the walls of Constantinople, received a significant, as the chronicle states, ransom from the Byzantine emperors Leo VI and Alexander and returned to Kyiv.
912 - Oleg concluded an agreement with Byzantium, which stipulated the terms of trade, the status of Russians serving in Byzantium, the ransom of prisoners, etc.
In the same year, Oleg dies. The chronicler offers two versions; according to one, Oleg died from a snake bite and was buried in Kyiv, according to another, a snake stung him when he was about to leave (or go on a hike) “overseas”; He was buried in Ladoga (now Staraya Ladoga). Igor becomes the prince of Kyiv.
915 - For the first time, the Pechenegs, a nomadic people of Turkic origin, appear in the vicinity of Rus'.
941 - Igor's campaign against Byzantium. The Russians managed to devastate Bithynia, Paphlagonia and Nicomedia (Byzantine provinces in the north of the Asia Minor peninsula), but, having suffered defeat in the battle with the Byzantine troops that arrived in time, the Russians plunged into their boats and here at sea suffered great damage from “Greek fire” - flamethrowers, with which Byzantine ships were equipped. Returning to Rus', Igor began to prepare for a new campaign.
944 - Igor’s new campaign against Byzantium. Before reaching Constantinople, Igor received a rich ransom from the Byzantine ambassadors and returned to Kyiv.
945 - The Byzantine emperors-co-rulers Roman, Constantine VII and Stephen sent ambassadors to Igor with a proposal to conclude a peace treaty. Igor sent his ambassadors to Constantinople, the agreement was concluded and sealed with oaths of emperors and Russian princes according to Christian and pagan rites.
In the same year, Igor was killed in the Drevlyansky land. The chronicle says that, having collected tribute from the Drevlyans, Igor sent most of the squad to Kyiv, and he himself decided to “go around again,” “desiring more property.” Hearing about this, the Drevlyans decided: “If a wolf gets into the habit of a sheep flock, then he carries away the entire flock, unless they kill him, so will this one; If we don’t kill him, he will destroy us all.” They attacked Igor and killed him.
Igor's widow Olga brutally avenged her husband's death. According to legend, she ordered the Drevlyan ambassadors who came with an offer to marry their prince to be thrown into a pit and covered alive, other ambassadors were burned in a bathhouse where they were invited to wash, and then, having come with her retinue to the Drevlyan land, Olga ordered the Drevlyan warriors to be killed in time of funeral feast for husband. However, this story has the features of a legend, since it has an analogy in the pagan funeral ritual: they buried in boats, for the dead, according to a pagan rite, they heated a bathhouse, a funeral feast is an indispensable element of the funeral rite.
It was in the “Tale of Bygone Years” that, in contrast to the Primary Chronicle that preceded it, the story of Olga’s fourth revenge was added; she burns the capital of the Drevlyans, Iskorosten. Having collected pigeons and sparrows as tribute, Olga ordered that lit tinder be tied to the birds’ legs and released. The pigeons and sparrows flew to their nests, “and there was not a courtyard where it was not on fire, and it was impossible to extinguish it, for all the courtyards were on fire,” the chronicler claims.
946 - Olga makes a trip to Constantinople, and twice - on September 9 and October 18 - she was received with honor by Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus.
955 - Olga visits Constantinople for the second time and converts to Christianity. In the chronicle, both trips are merged into one, erroneously dated 957.
964 - Igor's son and successor, Prince Svyatoslav, makes a campaign into the land of the Vyatichi and frees them from tribute to the Khazars. A year later, Svyatoslav again goes against the Vyatichi and forces them to pay tribute to Kyiv.
965 - The chronicle sparingly mentions Svyatoslav’s campaign against the Khazars, his victory over the Khazar ruler-khagan. From other sources it is known that Svyatoslav, having defeated the Volga Bulgarians, went down the Volga to Itil, the capital of the Kaganate, located in the Volga delta. Having taken Itil, Svyatoslav moved to Semender (a city located in the Makhachkala region), passed through Kuban to the coast of the Sea of Azov, from there he ascended the Don to Sarkel on boats, captured this fortress and in its place founded the Belaya Vezha fortress.
968 - At the request of the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phocas, supported by a generous payment of gold, Svyatoslav invades Danube Bulgaria and captures the Bulgarian capital Preslav.
Taking advantage of Svyatoslav’s absence, the Pechenegs attack Kyiv, where the elderly Olga and her grandchildren were staying. Only thanks to the ingenuity of governor Pretich, who came to the aid of the people of Kiev along the left bank of the Dnieper and posed as the governor of the advanced regiment of Svyatoslav, it was possible to prevent the capture of Kyiv by the Pechenegs.
969 - Princess Olga dies.
970 - Svyatoslav imprisons his son Yaropolk in Kyiv. He makes another son - Oleg - the Drevlyan prince, the third - Vladimir (Svyatoslav's son from Princess Olga's housekeeper - Malusha) - he sends to reign in Novgorod. The prince is accompanied by Malusha's brother Dobrynya; this historical figure becomes the most famous character in Russian epics. In the same year, Svyatoslav attacked the Byzantine province of Thrace and reached Arcadiopolis.
971 - Byzantine Emperor John Tzimiskes attacks Svyatoslav, who was in Dorostol (on the Danube). After a three-month siege, the Greeks forced Svyatoslav to fight under the walls of the fortress. According to the chronicle, it was in this battle that Svyatoslav uttered his now catchphrase; “We will not disgrace the Russian land, but we will lie down with bones, for the dead have no shame.” The Greeks barely defeated Svyatoslav and hastened to offer him peace.
972 - Svyatoslav, returning to Rus', was killed by the Pechenegs at the Dnieper rapids. The Pecheneg prince made a cup from his skull.
977 - Yaropolk kills his brother Oleg.
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From the book History of Russia in entertaining stories, parables and anecdotes of the 9th - 19th centuries author author unknown From the book Interrupted History of the Rus [Connecting Divided Eras] author Grot Lydia PavlovnaThe beginning of Rus': we continue to reflect The beginning of Russian history is usually devoted to speculation about the origin of the name Rus. They say, the main thing is to find out what kind of name Rus' is, and then the history of Rus' itself will flow from the name and will be built in orderly rows into chapters and paragraphs. During
From the book Chronology of Russian history. Russia and the world author Anisimov Evgeniy ViktorovichThe beginning of Ancient Rus' 862 Chronicle news about the calling of the Varangians. Arrival of Rurik in Ladoga There is still debate about where and when the ancient Russian state arose. According to legend, in the middle of the 9th century. in the land of the Ilmen Slovenes and Finno-Ugric tribes (Chud, Merya, etc.)
From the book Ancient Rus'. Events and people author Tvorogov Oleg ViktorovichTHE BEGINNING OF Rus' This book is dedicated to the political history of the Old Russian state, and therefore we do not touch on the complex issue of the origin of the Eastern Slavs, we do not present hypotheses about the area of their original habitat - about their “ancestral home”, we do not consider relationships
From the book Treasures of the Saints [Stories of Holiness] author Chernykh Natalia Borisovna From the book History of Orthodoxy author Kukushkin LeonidHOW DID ANCIENT Rus' ARISE?
S. Demin
On the question of the history of the emergence of the ancient Russian state
When studying the history of any states of antiquity, the Middle Ages and, of course, modern ones, the very first question on the history of a particular state is always logical, namely: when, in fact, did this state begin to exist in one form or another? This question is not an idle one, because, for example, any chronicle about the history of a state begins with a certain date, narrates within a certain time frame, and ends with a certain date. A record without a beginning would be considered incomplete and would not serve its function as a “yearly record,” which is the literal translation of the word.
Question " where did the Russian land come from?", of course, all prominent Russian historians were interested. At the moment, the date 862 AD is practically generally accepted, when the leader of the Varangians Rurik of Jutland, having first settled in Staraya Ladoga and built a fortress there, took power in Novgorod "in a row", i.e., under an agreement with the local Slavic boyars. And then, after the death of Rurik, his governor Oleg expanded his possessions, passing with his squad to the south through the lands of the Finno-Ugric population (tribes Chud, Vesi, Meri, Mordovians),
In the "Annals of Bertin" there is a record of an embassy of a certain Russian people who arrived in 839 along with Byzantine ambassadors to the headquarters of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the German in the city of Ingelheim on the Rhine. The emperor, having found out the reasons for their arrival, established that “they belonged to the people of the Sveons” i.e. Scandinavian tribe of Svei, one of the ancestors of modern Swedes, and expressed suspicion that they had not arrived for reconnaissance purposes rather than to establish friendship. It follows from this that such a people were not known before, but the true Suevians, whose embassy the emperor had 10 years earlier in 829, were already known. The emperor’s suspicion was aroused not only by the fact that the Swedes, by language and custom, called themselves by the foreign and hitherto unknown name Rus (Rhos), but also by the fact that, according to the Russians, they could not return home from Constantinople by the usual road, captured by the barbarians (possibly the Khazars and their allies of the Alans, who by that time had penetrated into the upper reaches of the Don). This written evidence is even more convincing than the much later written sources about the state of Rurik mentioned above, since it was compiled almost in the wake of these events, and not written down from oral traditions 200 years later, as in the case of written sources on the state of Rurik, which included at the same time folklore motifs about three brothers. The "Annals of Bertin" are considered by historians to be a completely reliable official written source, written in medieval Latin at the court of Charles II, the half-brother of Louis the German and one of the co-rulers of the most powerful state at that time medieval Europe– The Holy Roman Empire, founded 39 years before the events of interest to us by Charlemagne. There is another written source confirming at least the existence of the Russian people - this is the “Bavarian Geographer”, compiled, according to recent research, in the first quarter of the 9th century no later than 821, i.e. long before the creation of the state of Rurik and mentioning Rus' (Ruzzi) as the northern neighbor of the Khazars. We must not forget that from the creation of any state-like entity to the time when such a state begins to send embassies (embassies are the first sign of the existence of such a state), at least several years pass, i.e. The date of formation of the first Russian state is somewhat older than 839.
To confirm written evidence, data from archaeological excavations is needed. The hypothesis about the existence of the “first Russian state” (the second, according to this hypothesis, was the Ladoga-Novgorod state of Rurik, the third the Kiev state of Oleg) was put forward by the Russian philologist and historian A.A. Shakhmatov. He, based on the works of Arab historians of the 9th century. Ibn Rusta and Al Yaqubi placed the center (capital) of this state in Staraya Russa. The Encyclopedia Britannica, which accumulates the findings of Western historians, indicates a place on the Oka River, approximately in the area of modern Ryazan. Rivers in those days were the only means of communication for a group of people engaged in administrative activities, collecting tribute and leading an active lifestyle near the places where communications take place, especially the only ones both in summer and winter. They could travel along the rivers, collecting tribute in the form of fur and fur skins, wax and tar - traditional goods of ancient Rus', and along the rivers they could themselves or through intermediaries send these goods to Byzantium or Arab countries, where sources of silver discovered by that time provided a large influx of Arab dirhams into the countries of Northern Europe, with the bulk of the silver going through Rus'. The location of the center on the Oka is also possible based on its strategically advantageous position. At the same time, the path Scandinavia - southern countries along the route Birka (Scandinavia) - Western Dvina - Smolensk (Gnezdovo) - Ugra - Oka - Volga is controlled, in addition, the center should be located in a relatively middle place, convenient for collecting tribute in the habitat of the subject Rus' tribes: in the west along the river. Ugra Krivichi, in the east along the river. Oke Vyatichi, Meshchera, Murom, running north-west along the Moscow River - Volga). That is why Staraya Russa, located almost at the beginning of this path on the territory of Rus', could be the initial and then a transit point, but not the center. In addition, in the area of the proposed center, which will be discussed below, the river. The Oka passes at almost the smallest (less than 90 km in a straight line) distance from the sources of the river. Don, opening the way to the Black Sea. The path along the river The Don or along it by land to the Black Sea has been known to the Scandinavian peoples, at least since the time of the Goths, in the 2nd century. who made the trek from Scandinavia to the Black Sea and beyond. This campaign is described by the Gothic historian of the 6th century. Jordan in his work “On the Origin and Action of the Goths.” Some of the Goths were defeated by the Huns in the 4th century. their powers in the Black Sea region took refuge in fortified points in the central part of the Crimean Peninsula. There is information about the presence back in the 11th century. residual groups of Goths in Crimea. The possibility of realizing, albeit limited, contacts between the Crimean Goths and their ancestral home over such a long period of time is high. By the way, the famous popularizer of historical hypotheses, Thor Heyerdahl, tried, based on information contained in Scandinavian myths (“The Circle of the Earth”), to find Odin’s habitat - supreme god Old Norse mythology, the prototype of which, in his opinion, was a historical figure who lived in the lower Don region. Myths provide indirect confirmation that the Gothic road to the Black Sea ran along the Don or along it. Therefore, when the “trade expansion” of the Scandinavians to Rus' began, caused by very favorable conditions for the exchange of goods between the southern and northern countries, exchange of goods sharply enhanced by the introduction into circulation of a large number of high-quality coins - the Arab silver dirham, it was quite natural for the Scandinavians to initially settle on the already known them in a place located on the waterway from the “Varangians to the Greeks”.
The results of possible archaeological work in the area located 4 km from the city of Ozer, Moscow region, downstream of the Oka in a triangle formed by lines connecting the villages of Gory - Varischi - Kholmy and in the immediate vicinity of it seem interesting. The etymology of these names is very interesting. Perhaps the origin of the names Hills and Mountains, separated by 5 km from each other, is from the glorified and reinterpreted Scandinavian name Holmgardr (settlement on an island). Firstly, the absence of more or less different nearby hills and, especially, mountains in this place makes such names strange, and secondly, there is an analogy in the Arkhangelsk region - Kholmogory - the birthplace of Lomonosov, a name with proven Scandinavian etymology, a place where there is an island , formed by the oxbow of the Northern Dvina. In the Middle Ages, settling on river islands was justified from a security point of view. The name of Varishchi, a place located almost in the middle between the Hills and Mountains, may be derived from the Scandinavian var - vow, oath, hence the Scandinavian vaeringi - who took an oath (possible options: military - warriors who took an oath of allegiance to the king, or merchant - merchants who took a vow together conduct trade operations in a distant country; by the way, the Slavic word Varangian comes from this word). The squad is usually present at the place where the king is located - the leader of the squad (from the word konung the German word koenig and the English king, “king” were formed). Indirect confirmation of the version about this location of the first center is evidence from an anonymous Arab source of the first half of the 9th century. about the center of the Rus, located on a wooded island among the swamps. True, if we consider that this place is located on the river. Oka, a more suitable place is indicated according to the version of the Encyclopedia Britannica about the location of the center of the first state of the Rus near Ryazan - this is a large swampy area with oxbow lakes of the Oka forming islands. But these places have long been the tribal center of the Finno-Ugric tribe of the Meshchera, and downstream of the Oka, where the city of Murom is located, there was a tribal center of the Finno-Ugric tribe of Murom. Permanent residence in the very center of the tributary tribes was unsafe and it was more logical to create a fortified point outside these centers, but at a distance close enough for their control. In addition, the terrain in the area of the city of Ozyory also allows for the existence in the past of large islands formed by the Oka oxbow lakes and the swamps that protected the first center from the floor side are there even now. And in the 8th-9th centuries, with a more humid climate and the presence of huge tracts of uncut forests that supported the existence of swamps, they were even larger in area. By the way, due to the presence of huge forests at that time, the Oka was fuller, which must be taken into account when searching for the center.
But why was the history of the first Russian state interrupted? Otherwise, it could be that we would all consider the mother of Russian cities not Kyiv, but, say, the city of Ozery (of course, it would then be called differently, and would look different). The fact is that at the same time, in the south of the supposed Russian state, there was a powerful state of Khazaria, a completely centralized state for solving military-political issues, controlled by one supreme ruler - the Kagan, who transferred power by inheritance. The Khazar capital Itil (the city was named Itil in honor of the leader of the Huns, Attila, who had a headquarters there in the 5th century; the Khazar name of the city is Hamlikh) was located in the lower reaches of the Volga, controlling trade with the southern countries and collecting duties. In 833, the Khazars turned to the Byzantine Emperor Theophilus with a request to assist in the construction of the Sarkel fortress on the left bank of the Don. Moreover, before this, the Khazars captured and burned the Bulgarian fortress, located opposite the future Khazar fortress Sarkel on the right bank of the Don. The reprisal against the inhabitants of the fortress was brutal: skeletons of women and children were found everywhere in the dwellings. About 50 Arab dirhams were found at the feet of one of the women, the latest of which was minted in 813. In fact, this blocked the last access to the southern seas for Rus', since navigation along the entire length of the river. The Dnieper in those days was possible, but difficult due to the presence of 9 large rapids located in the steppe area. This exposed merchants, when dragging ships and goods along the coast, to the danger of attack by steppe nomads (for a large army sailing along the Dnieper, this was not an obstacle). Since the Volga was already under the control of the Khazars, this was actually the introduction of an “economic blockade”, since it undermined the economic foundations of the existence of the first Russian state. The likely reasons were the desire of the Khazar Kaganate to take control of the entire very profitable fur trade with Arab Caliphate and Byzantium and completely control the circulation of Arab dirhams, and not be limited to the tenth received in the form of taxes. To achieve this goal, the blockade was not enough; it was necessary to seize the sources of obtaining the goods for which they were willing to pay in dirhams - furs, wax, tar, etc., i.e. themselves to receive tribute from the Slavic and Finno-Ugric population. Perhaps the embassy sent in 839 to the two "superpowers" of that time - Byzantium and the Holy Roman Empire - was intended to conclude a "treaty of friendship" to obtain assistance (or military support against the Khazars, or political pressure on them). The ambassadors called their supreme ruler the Kagan of Rus'. This emphasized the independence and non-subordination of the first Russian state to the Khazar Kagan.
The debut of Russian diplomacy was unsuccessful. Byzantium continued to support the Khazars, its old ally (it was Byzantine military engineers who designed and supervised the construction of the Sarkel fortress). The very history of Byzantine-Khazar relations goes back to the first half of the 7th century, when the Khazars helped the Byzantines in their wars with the Persians under Emperor Heraclius (610-641). The Khazars also fought with the Arabs, enemies Byzantine Empire in Armenia and the Caucasus. Arab expansion forced the Khazars to move to the Black Sea steppes, although the Khazars stopped the Arabs. The ties between the Byzantines and the Khazars were so close that two Byzantine emperors: Justinian II (704) and Constantine V (732) had Khazarian wives.
4) under the reign of Mstislav Vladimirovich
Russian princes considered the ancestor of their dynasty:
1) Askolda
6. The people's assembly among the Eastern Slavs was called
3) Anthony
4) Hilarion
8. The oldest chronicle, which became the main historical source on the history of Ancient Rus' -
1) “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”
2) “Russian Truth”
3) “The Tale of Bygone Years”
4) “Svyatoslav’s Illustration”
2) Prykarpattya
4) Middle Dnieper
10. The first set of laws “Russian Truth” is associated with the name
1) Vladimir Monomakh
2) Yaroslav the Wise
3) Vladimir Svyatoslavich
4) Svyatoslav Igorevich
11. “Ladder law” in Rus' implied
1) the principle of inheriting power “in turn”, according to clan eldership
2) election of princes
3) the vertical principle of inheritance of princely power, from father to son
4) occupying positions according to nobility
12. Which element is superfluous in the series “ Dependent population Ancient Rus'"?
4) ryadovich
13. “And if a fireman is killed like a robber, and people are not looking for the killer, then the vire is paid by the rope where the murdered person was found.” Vira is
1) payment in favor of the prince for the murder of a free person.
2) a fine to the relatives of the deceased
3) funds to find the killer
4) punishment of community members for the crime committed
A. Subsistence farming dominated in Ancient Rus'.
B. The main occupation of the inhabitants of Rus' is nomadic cattle breeding.
1) Only A is correct
2) Only B is correct
3) Both A and B are correct
4) Neither A nor B is correct.
A. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, St. Sophia Cathedral was built in Kyiv.
B. The largest victory of Rus' during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise was the defeat of the Pechenegs.
1) Only A is correct
2) Only B is correct
3) Both A and B are correct
4) Neither A nor B is correct
16. During what period was Vladimir Monomakh the great prince of Kyiv?
17. The reasons for Rus'’s conversion to Christianity were
1) lack of writing; escalation of the struggle between representatives of the nobility
2) the location of Rus' in Eurasia; difficulty establishing contacts with the Christian world
3) the established unified ancient Russian nationality; Vladimir Svyatoslavich's desire to become related to the royal houses
4) the discrepancy between pagan religion and the level of development of ancient Russian society; destruction of cultural ties with Byzantium.
18. The congress of princes in Lyubech was convened with the aim of
1) adoption of an all-Russian code of laws
2) stop civil strife
3) establishing a new procedure for collecting tribute
4) agreements on joint struggle against the Cumans
19. What is the significance of the baptism of Rus'?
1) overcoming alienation in relations with Christian countries; familiarization with the cultural values of Byzantium; affirmation of universal human values in Russian society.
2) establishment of written laws; urban growth; strengthening of princely power.
3) alienation from European countries; affirmation of universal human values in Russian society.
4) development of crafts and growth of cities; establishing written laws; establishment of an autocephalous church.
20. Match
3) Svyatoslav
4) Vladimir I
A) Treaty with Constantinople in 911
B) The defeat of the Pechenegs in 1036
B) The defeat of Khazaria
D) Establishment of “lessons and graveyards”
D) Construction of border fortified cities
21. Who are we talking about?
“Taking the tribute, he went to his city. When he was walking back, after thinking about it, he said to his squad: “Go home with the tribute, and I’ll come back and go again.” And he sent his squad home, and he himself returned with a small part of the squad, wanting more wealth.” ______________
22. Distribute which actions can be attributed to the activities of Prince Svyatoslav (1), and which - VladimirI Svyatoslavich (2).
A) Danube campaigns
B) Creation of several lines of defense on the border of Rus' with the Pechenegs
B) Victory over Volga Bulgaria
D) Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
D) The defeat of the Khazar Kaganate
E) Attempt at reform of paganism
G) Exit to Korsun
H) Completion of the defeat of the Polovtsians.
Polycentrism in Rus': Russian lands and principalities inXII– beginningXIIIcenturies (§§ 8-9)
No. of test tasks
Reasons for the collapse of the Old Russian state.
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality,
Novgorod the Great,
Galicia-Volyn Principality:
political system, economic development,
culture.
7, 9,10,13,14,16,18,21.
3, 4, 5,11, 15, 19.
Choose the correct answer
The Old Russian state entered the final phase of the separation of lands
at the beginning of the 12th century.
in the second quarter of the 12th century.
by the end of the 12th century.
at the beginning of the 13th century.
All-Russian table at Rus' XII V. was NOT
Principality of Pereyaslavl
Principality of Kiev
Principality of Chernigov
Velikiy Novgorod
During the period of polycentrism in Rus', boyar republics existed in
Kyiv and Vladimir
Vladimir and Novgorod
Novgorod and Pskov
Pskov and Galich
The most extensive in Rus' of the 12th–13th centuries. there was territory
Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'
Galicia-Volyn land
Smolensk Principality
Novgorod land
His position in Novgorod became elective from the end of the 12th century. He collected taxes, negotiated with foreigners, and possibly performed some military functions. Who are we talking about?
Posadnik
Tysyatsky
Archbishop
Blessed region with fertile soils and mild climate, extensive forests, significant deposits of rock salt -
Principality of Suzdal
Pskov land
Galicia-Volyn Principality
Principality of Kiev
In which principality did large patrimonial landholdings and powerful fortified boyar estates exist?
Galicia-Volynsk
Smolensk
Kievsky
Pereyaslavsky
What is the main feature political structure Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'?
Involvement of foreigners in internal political affairs
Strong princely power
Contractual relations between the prince and the boyars
Unity of the princely family and absence of serious strife
Which of the listed princes was NOT the ruler of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality?
Andrey Bogolyubsky
Yury Dolgoruky
Vsevolod the Big Nest
Yaroslav Osmomysl
The archbishop was not only the head of the church, but also controlled the standards of weights and measures in
Chernigov
Novgorod
Which principality bordered the kingdoms of Poland and Hungary?
Galicia-Volynskoe
Kyiv
Ryazanskoe
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Assumption Cathedral, Golden Gate - architectural monuments
Southwestern Rus'
Novgorod land
North-Eastern Rus'
Kievan Rus
In the XII-XIII centuries. Novgorod primarily developed as
center of agriculture
shopping mall
religious center of Rus'
all-Russian political center
Years of reign of Yuri Dolgoruky
The prince moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir
Vsevolod the Big Nest
Vladimir Monomakh
Yury Dolgoruky
Andrey Bogolyubsky
The first birch bark letters were found by archaeologists in
Novgorod
A) Fragmentation - “the time of political, economic and cultural prosperity of many Russian principalities”
B) Fragmentation is “decay”, “crisis”, “weakening of Rus'”
Only A is correct
Only B is correct
A and B are correct
Neither A nor B is correct
What is the name of the icon taken by Andrei Bogolyubsky from Kyiv?
"The Unbreakable Wall"
"Our Lady of Vladimir"
"Our Lady of Oranta"
"Our Lady of Great Panagia"
Choose the correct answers
List important benefits geographical location Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
distance from the Steppe
had access to the Baltic and the Black Sea
protection of borders by impenetrable forests
long borders with foreign countries
developed river system
The reasons for the formation of polycentricity in Rus' government structure were
intricate system of transferring princely power according to seniority in the family
increase in the number of Polovtsian raids
subsistence nature of the economy
differences in the cultural development of the lands
preservation of pagan beliefs
Fill in the blank
Which Volyn prince (he was killed in the war with Poland) did the chronicler write about?
“____________ rushed at the Polovtsians like a lion, was angry like a lynx, and rushed across their land like an eagle, but brave as a tour! He competed in the pursuit of glory with his great-grandfather Monomakh!”
Culture of pre-Mongol Rus' (X-StartXIIIcenturies)
Checkable Content Elements
No. of test tasks
Culture of Ancient Rus'
Christian culture and pagan traditions
1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 11, 22.
4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16.
Choose the correct answer
Which of the works is chronicle?
Ostromir Gospel
A Word about Igor's Campaign
Izbornik
The Tale of Bygone Years
The writing of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is attributed to
end of the 10th century
beginning of the 11th century
end of the 12th century
beginning of the 13th century
What event is told about in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”?
About the campaign of the Severian princes against the Polovtsians in 1185.
About the strife between the Novgorod-Seversky and Chernigov princes
About the death of the princes - Saints Boris and Gleb
The Legend of Boris and Gleb
A Word on Law and Grace
A Word about Igor's Campaign
Radziwill Chronicle
The first stone building in Rus' was
St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
Princely tower in Chernigov
Tithe Church in Kyiv
St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv was built with
end of the 10th century
The temple art of Ancient Rus' was subordinated to the style that dominated
Greek architecture
pagan tradition
Byzantine tradition
Volga Bulgaria
The most ancient Russian code of laws that has come down to us
Pokon Virny
Truth Yaroslavich
Russian Truth
Split christian church into Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox occurred immediately after the death of Yaroslav the Wise in
The main elements of women's ancient Russian clothing were
Sundress, morocco boots
kokoshnik, korzno, bast shoes
shirt, ports, pistons
epancha, shirt, kika
Mosaic, fresco and icon painting are classified as
arts and crafts
monumental painting
hagiographic genre
architecture
St. George and St. Irina, Vydubitsky, Kiev-Pechersk -
chronicle vaults
For the first time, a Russian metropolitan was appointed
Vladimir I
Yaroslav the Wise
Vladimir Monomakh
Yuri Dolgoruky
Eliminate an extra element in a row:
Filigree
Painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water -
miniature
What was condemned by the church as pagan, “filthy” customs?
Buffoonery
Brothers
Legends and songs
Funeral lamentations
The carvings on the façade of this cathedral are called “poem in stone”
Kyiv Sofiysky
Dmitrievsky
Georgievsky
Novgorod Sofia
The Slavic alphabet was created
1) Hilarion, Anthony
2) Boris, Gleb
3) Cyril, Methodius
4) Kirill Turovsky, John Chrysostom
Choose the correct answers
The folklore genre includes
sayings and proverbs
chronicles
riddles and fairy tales
historical legends and songs
Cultural monuments of pre-Mongol Rus' include
Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir
"Trinity" by Andrei Rublev
"Ostromir Gospel"
“The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu”
“Walking across Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin
"Titular"
TO characteristic features ancient Russian city include
planned development of the city
predominance of stone buildings
free, estate development
cramped, narrow streets, during the development of which the “spear rule” was in effect
predominance of wooden one-story buildings
presence of settlements and streets
urban artisans lived according to guild principles
22. Match
1. Vladimir architecture
A. Church of the Savior on Nereditsa
2. Novgorod architecture
B. Pyatnitskaya Church
V. Dmitrievsky Cathedral
G. St. Sophia Cathedral
D. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
1- _________ 2- __________
Chapter 2. RUSSIAN LANDS AND PRINCIPLES INXIII-middleXV centuries
Russian lands in the era of foreign conquestsXIII century and under the yoke of the Golden Horde
(§ 11-12)
Checkable Content Elements
No. of test tasks
The Mongol conquest and its influence on the history of our country.
Expansion from the West and its role in the history of the peoples of Rus' and the Baltic states
1, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 20.
5, 6, 13, 14, 17
Education of the Golden Horde. Rus' and the Horde
2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22
Choose the correct answer
1. Which principality was the first to be attacked by the Mongol hordes in 1237?
1) Vladimirskoe
2) Chernigovskoe
3) Kyiv
4) Ryazanskoe
2. The foundation of the Mongolian state is associated with the name
1) Genghis Khan
4) Subedea
3. Which answer option can be put in place of the question mark?
Methods of politics of the Horde khans
“Divide and conquer” policy? Dealing with the disobedient
1) convening of princely congresses
2) inculcation of one’s cultural traditions and religious views
3) maintaining friendly relations with the Catholic West
4) exemption from paying tribute to the Orthodox clergy
4. The Horde exit is
1) a tenth of all income in favor of the Golden Horde
2) the deportation of the Russian population to the Horde
3) Horde raids on Rus'
4) the trip of the Russian princes to the Golden Horde for a label for the Russian reign
5. The task of Christianizing the Baltic peoples was entrusted to
1) Order of Malta
2) Templar Order
3) Teutonic Order
4) Livonian Order
6. What battle forced the crusaders to abandon the rapid conquest of northwestern Rus'?
1) Battle of the Neva
2) Battle on the river. Sit
3) Battle on the ice
4) Battle of Rakovor
7. The first clash between the Russian army and Mongol troops took place in 1223 on the river
1) Kozelskoe
2) Ryazanskoe
3) Chernigovskoe
4) Kyiv
9. In what year was Horde rule over Russia established?
10. Formed Golden Horde was part
1) state of Khorezmshahs
2) Polovtsian steppe
3) Mongol Empire
4) Crimean Khanate
11. Which Russian lands did not fall under the rule of the Horde?
1) Southwestern Rus'
2) Western Rus'
3) Southern Rus'
4) Northwestern Rus'
12. Eliminate the unnecessary ones in the series “Cities that showed stubborn resistance to Batu’s army”:
3) Vladimir
4) Kozelsk
13. Alexander Nevsky in the Battle of Lake Peipus defeated
1) by the combined forces of Swedes, Norwegians, Finns
2) Teutonic Order
3) the united army of the Swedes
4) knights of the Livonian Order
14. Gavrila Oleksich, Savva, Yakov the Polotsk resident, Novgorodian Misha, Ratmir -
1) participants in the battle on Lake Peipus
2) organizers of the defense of Russian cities during the Horde invasion
3) heroes of the Battle of the Neva
4) instigators of the uprising against the Horde yoke
15. What was NOT a form of dependence of Rus' on the Horde?
1) issuance of a label for the great reign by the khans
2) control over the Orthodox clergy
3) payment of tribute
4) the obligation to send soldiers to the Mongol troops
16. Daniil Galitsky in the fight against the Horde
1) tried to rely on the Catholic powers
2) obtained a payoff to independently collect tribute
3) conducted active negotiations with the khans to reduce tribute
4) supported the policies of Alexander Nevsky
Choose the correct answers
17. What are the main reasons for the victory of the army under the leadership of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich in the Battle of the Ice?
A) a strategically advantageous place for battle
B) significant numerical superiority of the Russian army
C) the courage of Russian soldiers
D) autumn weather conditions
D) the youth and daring of the prince
E) erroneous tactics of the knights
18. Indicate the reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongols
A) the absence of fortified cities in Rus'
B) political fragmentation of Rus'
C) the transition to the side of the Horde of the princes of the southern lands
D) strife between Russian princes
D) the need to combat the invasion of the Crusaders in the north-west of Rus'
E) in terms of fighting qualities, the Mongol army was one of the best in the world
19. Consequences of the Horde invasion and yoke
A) some of the city crafts disappeared, some forever
B) stone defense construction ceased forever
C) North-Western Rus' is deserted
D) representatives of unprivileged strata appeared in the princely circle
D) civil strife between Russian princes
G) domestic and foreign trade has sharply weakened
H) the creation by the Horde of their own administration in Rus'
20. Place events in chronological order
A) Election of Temujin as supreme ruler, great khan
B) Creation of the Order of the Swordsmen
B) Mongol invasion of Central Europe
D) Batu’s campaign against Rus'
21. Match
A. Central Asian merchants
2) Baskaki
B. Census takers
3) Bessermen
B. Representatives of the Horde Khan in Rus' controlled the collection of tribute for the Horde
4) Numbers
G. Mongol warriors
D. Tribal nobility
22. Who are we talking about?
He subjugated everyone to his will, choosing a new name, meaning “sent from heaven,” “... all the Tatars, who were previously at odds, became his single obedient army. He himself divided the Tatars into thousands, hundreds and tens, and he himself appointed his own thousand, centurion, and tens over them, rejecting the clan khans if he did not trust them.” ________________
The struggle for leadership in North-Eastern Rus'. The rise of Moscow. Civil war in Rus' in the second quarter XV century (§ 13-15)
Checkable Content Elements
No. of test tasks
The struggle for political hegemony in North-Eastern Rus'.
Moscow as the center of unification of Russian lands. Moscow princes and their policies
1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15.
2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21
Until the end of the 15th century. remained in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (axis)
strong princely power
strong influence of the Catholic clergy
veche tradition
power of the Horde khans
By shape government structure The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was
unitary
federation
autonomy
The joint Lithuanian-Russian army defeated the Mongols in 1362 in the battle
at the river Drunk
at the river Vorskla
at Blue Waters
Identify a pair related to each other as cause and effect
Union of Krevo
Gorodel Union
The advance of the Teutonic Order to the east was stopped
Catholicism became the official religion of Lithuania
The official, compulsory language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was
Lithuanian
Polish
all named languages
The Battle of Grunwald took place in
In the Lithuanian-Russian state on the newly annexed Russian lands
strict control over the lands was established
customs, religion, and the previous order of government were preserved
3) a large tribute has been established
the Russian population was supposed to supply soldiers to the Lithuanian army
In the absence of the sovereign, supreme power in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania belonged to
mayor
4) Rada of Gentlemen
Bishop of Vilna
IN civil war XV century Grand Duke Svidrigailo relied on
Catholic clergy
Orthodox population
5) Lithuanian Catholics
Polish gentry
The first general zemstvo privilege was issued under the prince
Casimir IV
6) Sigismund
Svidrigailo
Choose the correct answers
In the XIV century. as a result of the victory of the Lithuanian-Russian army over the Horde in the battle of Blue Waters, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was assigned
A) Tver Principality
B) Kyiv land
B) Pskov land
D) Chernigov-Seversk land
D) Galicia-Volyn land
According to the first general land privilege
non-Catholics could not borrow senior positions in the state
Slavic lands left the Principality of Lithuania
the independence of the principality was gained from Poland
Orthodox Christians received equal rights with Catholics
Noble people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as Poland, in the 15th century. had a number of important privileges:
have complete control over your slaves
full right to dispose of your property and lands
to be punished only by decision of a court, moreover, of an estate
the opportunity to enter the service of any sovereign in Europe
participate in the elections of the king and members of the Diet
Fill the gaps
20. Privileges are ____________________________________________________________
21. The Union of Krevo was concluded between Lithuania and ____________ in _________.
22. According to the ____________ union, the Lithuanian prince could not be elected without the consent of the Polish king.
Culture of Rus' XIII–XV centuries. (§§ 17–18)
Checkable Content Elements
No. of test tasks
Culture of Rus'.
Literacy, literature.
Painting.
Architecture.
1, 2, 16, 17, 20, 21.
3, 14, 6, 7, 11, 15, 19, 22.
4, 10, 12, 13, 18.
Choose the correct answer
The bulk of the townspeople (merchants, artisans) lived in
estates
settlements
The first mention of the use of guns in Rus' was given in the chronicle
about the defense of Ryazan
about the capture of Moscow by Tokhtamysh in 1382
about the Battle of Kulikovo
about the Battle of Grunwald
INXIV century appears in Rus'
parchment
printed book
Who was a contemporary of Andrei Rublev?
Metropolitan Hilarion
Yury Dolgoruky
Sergius of Radonezh
Prince Mindovg
Under which Moscow prince was the white-stone Kremlin built?
Ivan Kalita
Vasily I
Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy)
