1 ticket. Civilizations of the Ancient East. Civilizations of the Ancient East. Preconditions for the emergence of ancient civilizations. The first information revolution took place at the dawn of the formation of primitive society and it is associated with the emergence of articulate speech. The second informational one is connected with the invention of writing. Before talking about civilizations ancient east, it must be said about the prerequisites for the formation of civilization in general. The prerequisites for the formation of civilization began to take shape in the Neolithic era (new stone age) - 4-3 millennia BC, they are associated with the Neolithic revolution - the transition from appropriating forms of economic management to producing ones. During the Neolithic period, there are 4 large social divisions of labor: 1 the allocation of agriculture, cattle breeding, 2 the allocation of handicrafts; 3 allocation of builders, 4 the appearance of leaders, priests, warriors. Some researchers also call the Neolithic period the Neolithic civilization. Its characteristic features: 1 domestication - the domestication of animals, 2 the emergence of stationary settlements, among which the most famous are Jericho (Jordan) and Chatal-Huyuk (Turkey) - the first urban-type settlements in the history, 3 the approval of a neighboring community instead of consanguineous and communal property, 4 the formation large associations of tribes, 5 unwritten civilization. At the end of the 4th millennium BC. the neolithic civilization gradually exhausted its potential and the first in the history of mankind the crisis era "the Eneolithic era (copper - stone age) began. The Eneolithic is characterized by the following parameters: with tin bronze); 3 Eneolithic - a time of chaos, disorder in society, a crisis in technology - the transition to irrigated agriculture, to new materials.

2 ticket. Civilization of Ancient Greece. The population of Greece at the dawn of the first millennium BC e. it is mainly occupied by agriculture. Most of the cultivated land is occupied by cereals, an important role is given to horticulture and winemaking, and one of the leading crops is olives, for which Greece is famous today. Cattle breeding is developing, and cattle even acts as a kind of universal monetary equivalent. Thus, in the Iliad, twelve bulls are given for a large tripod. e., when a wave of peoples who came earlier in the XIII-XI centuries from the north, including the Dorian Greeks, firmly settled on the territory of modern Greece, and the foundations of that Greek civilization were laid, which does not cease to amaze us with its achievements today, and which had such an impact on our lives today. Indeed, modern theater, poetry, painting would have been impossible without Greek theater, without the great Homer, without sculptures and pictorial portraits that have survived to this day and amaze with their perfection.

3 ticket. Civilization of Ancient Rome. Ancient Rome (lat.Roma antiqua) is one of the leading civilizations Of the ancient world and antiquity, got its name from the main city (Roma), in turn named after the legendary founder - Romulus. The center of Rome developed within the swampy plain, bounded by the Capitol, Palatine and Quirinal. The culture of the Etruscans, ancient Greeks and Urarts (ancient Armenians) had a definite influence on the formation of the ancient Roman civilization. The peak of your power Ancient Rome reached in the II century AD. e., when he controlled the area from modern Scotland in the north to Ethiopia in the south and from Armenia in the east to Portugal in the west. Ancient Rome presented the modern world with Roman law, some architectural forms and solutions (for example, an arch and a dome) and many other innovations (for example, wheeled water mills). Christianity as a religion was born on the territory of the Roman Empire. The official language of the ancient Roman state was Latin, religion for most of the period of its existence was polytheistic, the unofficial emblem of the empire was the golden eagle (aquila), after the adoption of Christianity, labarums (the banner set by the emperor Constantine for his troops) chrisma (pectoral cross) appeared. During the tsarist period, Rome was a small state that occupied only part of the territory of Latium - the area of residence of the Latin tribe. During the period of the Early Republic, Rome significantly expanded its territory during numerous wars. After the Pyrrhic War, Rome began to reign supreme over the Apennine Peninsula, although the vertical system of control over the subordinate territories had not yet taken shape at that time. After the conquest of Italy, Rome became a prominent player in the Mediterranean, which soon led him to conflict with Carthage, a large state founded by the Phoenicians. In a series of three Punic Wars, the Carthaginian state was completely defeated, and the city itself was destroyed. At this time, Rome also began expansion to the East, subjugating Illyria, Greece, and then Asia Minor and Syria. In the 1st century BC. e. Rome was rocked by a series of civil wars, as a result of which the ultimate victor, Octavian Augustus, formed the foundations of the principate system and founded the Julian-Claudian dynasty, which, however, did not hold out in power for a century. The heyday of the Roman Empire fell on a relatively calm time of the II century, but already the III century was filled with the struggle for power and, as a result, political instability, and the foreign policy position of the empire was complicated. The establishment of the dominant system by Diocletian stabilized the situation for a while by concentrating power in the hands of the emperor and his bureaucratic apparatus. In the IV century, the division of the empire into two parts was finalized, and Christianity became the state religion of the entire empire. Latin, the appearance of which is attributed to the middle of the III millennium BC. e. was the Italic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. In the process of the historical development of ancient Italy, Latin supplanted other Italic languages and eventually took a dominant position in the western Mediterranean. At the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. Latin was spoken by the population of the small region of Latium (lat. Latium), located in the west of the middle part of the Apennine Peninsula, along the lower course of the Tiber. The tribe that inhabited Latius was called Latins (lat. Latini), and its language was Latin. The center of this region was the city of Rome, after which the Italic tribes united around it began to call themselves the Romans (Latin Romania).

4 ticket. The place of religion and the church in the life of medieval society Medieval culture is characterized by two key distinctive features: corporatism and the dominant role of religion and the church. Medieval society, like an organism made of cells, consisted of many social states (social strata). A person by birth belonged to one of them and had practically no opportunity to change his social position. Each such provision was associated with its own range of political and property rights and obligations, the presence of privileges or their absence, a specific way of life, even the nature of clothing. There was a strict estate hierarchy: two upper classes (clergy, feudal lords - landowners), then merchants, artisans, peasants (the latter in France were united into the "third estate") . In early Christianity, faith in the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ, the Last Judgment and the end of the sinful world was very strong. However, time passed, nothing of the kind happened, and in place of this idea comes the idea of consolation - an afterlife retribution for good or bad deeds, that is, hell and heaven. The first Christian communities were distinguished by democracy, but rather quickly the ministers of the cult - the clergy, or clergy ( from the Greek "Claire" - fate, at first they were chosen by lot) turn into a harsh hierarchical organization. At first, the highest position in Cleary was held by the bishops. The Roman bishop began to strive for the recognition of his primacy among the entire clergy of the Christian Church. At the end of IV-beginning of V ss. he arrogated to himself the exclusive right to be called Pope and gradually acquired power over all the other bishops of the Western Roman Empire. The Christian Church began to be called Catholic, which means worldwide.

5 ticket. The emergence and spread of Islam. The spread of Islam The peculiarities of Islam, generated by the very conditions of its emergence, facilitated its spread among the Arabs. Although in the struggle, overcoming the resistance of the tribal aristocracy, prone to separatism (the uprising of the tribes of Arabia after the death of Muhammad), Islam soon won a complete victory among the Arabs. The new religion showed the warlike Bedouins a simple and clear path to enrichment, to a way out of the crisis: the conquest of new lands. The successors of Muhammad - the caliphs Abu-Bakr, Omar, Osman - conquered in a short time the neighboring and then more distant countries of the Mediterranean and Western Asia. The conquests were carried out under the banner of Islam - under the "green banner of the prophet." In the countries conquered by the Arabs, the duties of the peasant population were greatly facilitated, especially for those who converted to Islam; and this contributed to the transition of broad masses of the population of different nationalities to the new religion. Islam, having originated as the national religion of the Arabs, soon began to turn into a supranational, world religion. Already in the VII-IX centuries. Islam became the dominant and almost the only religion in the countries of the Caliphate, which covered vast areas - from Spain to Central Asia and the borders of India. In the XI-XVIII centuries. it spread widely in northern India, again through conquest. In Indonesia, Islam spread in the XIV-XVI centuries, mainly through Arab and Indian merchants, and almost completely replaced Hinduism and Buddhism (except for the island of Bali). In the XIV century, Islam also penetrated the Kipchaks in The Golden Horde, to the Bulgars and other peoples of the Black Sea region, a little later - to the peoples of the North Caucasus and Western Siberia. The emergence of Islam. Islam is one of the three (along with Buddhism and Christianity) so-called world religions, which has its adherents on almost all continents and in most countries the world. Muslims make up the overwhelming majority of the population in many countries in Asia and Africa. Islam is a system that has a significant impact on international politics. In the modern sense, Islam is both a religion and a state due to the active interference of religion in state affairs. But I will be more interested in the historical roots of this phenomenon. "Islam" in translation from Arabic means obedience, "Islam" (from Arabic "Muslim") - surrendered to Allah. Of the three world religions, Islam is the "youngest"; if the first two - Buddhism and Christianity - arose in an era that is usually attributed to antiquity, then Islam appeared in the early Middle Ages. The Arab-speaking peoples almost universally profess Islam, the Turkic-speaking and Iranian-speaking - in the overwhelming majority. There are also many Muslims among the North Indian peoples. The population of Indonesia adheres almost entirely to Islam. Islam originated in Arabia in the 7th century AD. Its origin is clearer than the origin of Christianity and Buddhism, for it is illuminated almost from the very beginning by written sources. But there is much legendary here too. If you flip through the pages of history and consider the reason for the emergence of Islam, you get the impression that people were simply forced to accept the laws of this religion. And it began from the distant countries of Asia, where nature was not merciful to man, around mountains and sandy deserts, rains are a rarity. The people who lived there simply wandered from one oasis to another. The capricious, evil nature caused people a lot of grief, but they nevertheless adapted to exist. And it was this fear that gave rise to faith in spirits in people, it seemed to people that evil spirits cause grief, and good spirits give joy. Already in the 6th century, a class society arose, the rich began to own land, livestock, and agricultural products, and traded. Slaves were beaten, sold, exchanged, and even intimidated by the gods. In despair, people turned to prayer. At this time, a large merchant, Muhammad, appeared. The founder of Islam is the Arab "prophet" Muhammad (Muhammad or Muhammad), whose significance for the common destiny of mankind is difficult to overestimate, so this historical figure should be dwelt upon.

6 Ticket. The uprising of peasants in France in 1358 Jacqueria. Peasant uprising in England in 1381, led by Wat Tyler.

Jacquerie(fr. Jacquerie, from the name Jacques common in France) - the name of the peasant anti-feudal uprising in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, which broke out in France in 1358, caused by the situation in which France was located as a result of the wars with Edward III of England (Hundred Years War 1337-1453). their peasants in mockery " Jacques bon homme"- Jacques-just-so; hence the name given to the uprising. Contemporaries called the uprising "the war of the nobility against the nobility", the name "Jacquerie" appeared later. This is the largest peasant uprising in the history of France. The reasons for Jacquerie were the economic devastation caused by the Hundred Years War in France, tax oppression, as well as the plague epidemic ("black death"), which took away from a third to half of the population, which, in turn, led to a decrease wages and the enactment of laws against its growth. The settlements and plots of peasants were not protected (unlike cities) from the plunder of both the British and the French mercenary army. The impetus for Jacquerie was new monetary taxation (by order of the Dauphin Charles for the ransom of King John the Good, captured in 1356 at Poitiers) and obligations ( introduced by the Ordinance of Compiegne in May 1358 to restore fortresses near Paris). The uprising began on May 28 in the town of Saint-Leu-d'Esserand (Bovezi region). The immediate reason for the uprising was the plundering of the soldiers of the Navarre king Charles the Evil in the vicinity of Paris, which most severely affected the rural population. The peasants, brutally oppressed by the nobles, rushed at their tormentors, turned hundreds of castles into ruins, beat the nobles and raped their wives and daughters. The rebellion soon spread to Brie, Soissons, Laonne, and on the banks of the Marne and Oise. Soon the rebellious peasants had a leader - Guillaume Cole (Cal), a native of the Beauvesian village of Melo, who became the “general captain of the Jacques.” The uprising coincided with the Paris uprising led by the merchant provost of Paris, Etienne Marcel. Guillaume Cal understood that the scattered and poorly armed peasants needed a strong ally in the person of the townspeople, and tried to establish ties with Etienne Marcel. He sent a delegation to Paris with a request to help the peasants in their struggle against the feudal lords and immediately moved to Compiegne. However, the rich townspeople did not allow the rebellious peasants there. The same thing happened in Senlis and Amiens. Etienne Marcel entered into contact with the peasant detachments and even sent a detachment of Parisians to help them in order to destroy the fortifications erected between the Seine and the Oise by the feudal lords and interfering with the supply of food to Paris. However, this detachment was later recalled, and by that time the lords had recovered from their fear and began to act. Karl the Evil and the Dauphin Karl simultaneously opposed the rebels. On June 8, with a well-trained army of a thousand spears, Karl the Evil approached the village of Melo, where the main forces of the rebels were located. Since, despite the significant numerical superiority, the untrained peasants had practically no chance of winning in open battle, Guillaume Cal offered to withdraw to Paris. However, the peasants did not want to listen to the persuasion of their leader and declared that they were strong enough to fight. Then Kal successfully placed his troops on the hill, divided them into two parts; in front of the carts and luggage, he made a shaft and placed archers and crossbowmen. He built a detachment of horsemen separately. The positions looked so impressive that Karl of Navarsky did not dare to attack the rebels for a week, and in the end he went for a trick - he invited Kal for negotiations. Guillaume believed his word of chivalry and did not ensure his safety with hostages. He was immediately seized and chained, after which the demoralized peasants were defeated. Meanwhile, the knights of the Dauphin attacked another detachment of Jacques and also exterminated many of the rebels. Massacre of the rebels began. Guillaume Cal was executed after cruel torture (the executioner "crowned" him as "peasant kings", putting a red-hot iron tripod on his head). Until June 24, at least 20 thousand people were killed and the massacre began to subside only after the amnesty announced on August 10 by the Dauphin Charles, which, however, many feudal lords turned a blind eye to. Peasant unrest continued until September. Frightened by popular uprisings, the royal government hastened to negotiate a peace with the British. Peasant uprising in England in 1381, led by Wat Tyler. The Great Peasant Uprising of 1381 After the 1348 epidemic known as the Black Death, the population declined by one third according to medieval estimates. Agriculture has fallen into disrepair. There was no one to plant and harvest. Prices have doubled. Demands for higher wages followed. The village community, where families of peasants had become accustomed to living on the same land from generation to generation, began to disintegrate. Some of the peasants flee to the cities and become hired workers. Direct coercion by the landlords did not help. A new type of land holding began to take root: the leasing of land, livestock, and implements, which was an important step on the way to capitalist agriculture. But the lords tried to regain their old positions, since now they had to reckon with freer peasants and wage workers. This situation gave rise to the peasant uprising of 1381. Escape from serf slavery was possible only for a loner. For a person with a family, the organization and the armed uprising remained [ source not specified 35 days]. Peasant unions are gradually beginning to grow. The uprising of 1381 was the work of people who had already won a certain degree of freedom and prosperity and now demanded more. The villans have awakened human dignity. The peasants' demands were as follows: Abolition of serfdom; Commutation of all duties (replacement of in kind with cash); Establishment of a uniform monetary rent of 4 pence per acre; The country was ruled by a greedy corrupt nobility, a typical representative of which was John Gaunt. The foreign policy situation is deteriorating - the last expeditions to France end unsuccessfully, which causes a shortage of funds in the treasury. The government decides to introduce a poll tax in 3 grottos (a silver coin equal to 4 pence), which provokes the indignation of the masses. The protracted war with France and the imposition of the poll tax were the main reasons for the uprising of 1381. Tyler leads the campaign of the peasants of the County of Kent to London, along the way they are joined by peasants from other counties, as well as the poor and urban mob. The rebels capture Canterbury, and then London. The peasants take by storm Towery assassinate the Lord Chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Sudbury. King Richard II meets with the rebels demanding the abolition of serfdom on June 14, 1381 in Mile End, who promises to fulfill all the requirements. The next day (June 15), a new meeting with the king takes place, at Smithfield, at the city wall of London, with a huge crowd of people. Now the rebels are demanding equalization of all estates in rights and the return of communal lands to the peasants. However, during the meeting, Wat Tyler is killed by the king's entourage (the mayor of London, William Walworth, stabbed him in the neck with a dagger, one of the knights finished the job by driving up to Tyler from behind and stabbing him with a sword). This brings confusion and confusion to the ranks of the rebels, which was used by Richard II. The uprising is quickly suppressed by the forces of the knightly militia. Despite the fact that the uprising was suppressed, there was no complete return to the previous order. It became obvious that the ruling classes can no longer treat the peasants without a certain amount of respect.

The echo of the "Black Death" and the Hundred Years War is also heard in the peasant uprisings of the XIV century.

Liberation of the peasants

Peasant farming began to be more and more involved in developing trade. Seniors also had to better adapt their economy to the market. First of all, they began to replace corvee with quitrent. The replacement of corvee by quitrent was accompanied in Europe by the liberation of the peasants from personal dependence. Already in the XIII century. many Italian and French peasants became free.

The fact is that the personal dependence of the peasants was becoming less and less useful. A centuries-old custom established how many days a year a particular serv should work in the master's field. But in order to improve production, it is necessary to sharply increase the intensity of labor. And in this case, workers hired for wages turn out to be more profitable than their own dependent peasants. Own servos required a lot of care, those hired for pay worked as long as and when needed.

Of course, the liberation of the peasants was not just an act of mercy. Usually, such a ransom was demanded from the "liberated" that it threatened to ruin the peasant. Sometimes the peasants refused such "freedom". But all the same, the number of free peasants begins to grow gradually.

Labor has become more expensive

The Black Death led to a population decline not only in cities, but also in villages. The cost of the hands of a hired laborer has increased several times - there are few people. The seniors did not understand that in this case a natural economic law was in effect, and demanded from the government to prohibit hired workers from asking for more for their work than before the plague. Such laws were indeed issued in England and France, Portugal and Spain ... But it was not easy to implement them. The peasants' protest was provoked by the attempts of the lords to drag the newly liberated peasants into personal dependence again or to stop liberation where it had just begun.

The peasants were also unhappy with the fact that they saw how the lords want to get all the benefits from the sale on the market of what they produce. Among the peasants by that time there were already quite a few well-to-do people who could trade quite well themselves.

The situation of the peasants in England and France in the XIV century. deteriorated significantly during the Hundred Years War. The French peasants were ravaged by endless skirmishes and raids by warring armies. In England, although there was no military action, the government demanded more and more taxes for the war. And the British army consisted primarily of peasants, who were therefore forced to leave their farms.

These reasons led to the two largest peasant uprisings that broke out in England and France in the XIV century.

Jacquerie

Northern France by the middle of the XIV century. seriously felt all the hardships of the war. The last straw was the requirement of the French authorities to the peasants to work on strengthening the castles. In May 1358, a rebellion broke out north of Paris in response. It quickly spread to many lands in northeastern France. The rebels said that they were trying to "eradicate the nobles of the whole world and become masters themselves." They did not differentiate between English and French nobles. The insurgents also treated the families of their enemies with extreme cruelty. Dozens of castles were destroyed and looted, tax documents and lists of peasants' duties were burned. The French lords contemptuously called all the peasants "Jacques". "Jacques the simpleton" - the usual collective nickname of the peasant of that time - the same as "bumpkin" - therefore the uprising, which suddenly descended on the north of France, was called "Jacquerie".

The French lords were not immediately able to cope with the initial confusion. But then they gathered their strength and with all cruelty fell upon the rebels.

Wat Tyler's rebellion

A quarter of a century later, in 1381, a similar thing happened in England. Here, the reason for indignation was the new tax imposed by the king and parliament to continue the war against France. The peasants killed several collectors of this tax - and the rebellion engulfed almost half of the kingdom. The peasants fell upon the castles and houses of knights and barons, on monasteries. The rebels repeated the old adage: "When Adam plowed and Eve spun, who was then a nobleman?" - and hoped, having destroyed the nobles, to return to the primordial equality of "the times of Adam and Eve." The peasant army, led by the roofer Wat Tyler, entered London. The houses of noble people, noblemen of the court were on fire. Executions followed one after another. One of the first to die was the Archbishop of Canterbury.

The young King Richard II had to negotiate with the rebels. It was hard for him to pretend to be a friend of the "dorks", but the king understood that in order to save the situation, only the blind faith of the rebels in the "kind and just sovereign" could be used. It was necessary to buy time until the royal troops approach London.

Richard II gave promises to peasants to calm them down. Many of them, after meeting with the king, really went home, especially those that were richer. The poor, led by Wat Tyler, demanded new concessions from the king. And then, in new negotiations with Richard II, Wat Tyler was killed by one of the king's entourage. (By the way, in the same way, during the negotiations, the leader of the peasants in France in 1358 was also killed.) The nobility did not think that when dealing with rebellious peasants, the same norms of the code of honor should be observed as in a battle with knights. To "reason the men", any methods were suitable.

The murder of Wat Tyler caused confusion among the peasants. And soon the usual punishment followed. Royal troops were scattered throughout the country, punishing anyone who had been implicated in the rebellion.

Who won?

What, besides heavy sacrifices on both sides, have brought numerous peasant uprisings of the XIV-XV centuries, two of which (the most famous) have been told? No matter how fierce the victors were, they understood that they should not again cross the line in their demands on the peasants, the line beyond which the patience of the "muzhik" comes to an end. Now the emancipation of the peasants proceeded much faster and easier than before. A hundred years after Wat Tyler's rebellion, personally dependent peasants in England were rare. But the rebels demanded, above all, freedom. It is no less important that the peasants were able to defend their right to deal with the market themselves, without resorting to the burdensome "mediation" of their lords. And this meant that gradually the layer of wealthy peasants began to increase. The seniors had to understand that it was time to look for new ways to replenish their pockets. Above a certain limit, nothing could be obtained from the peasants except rebellion. Then some lords began to engage in business more, others preferred to go into the service of the king for a salary and in the hope of achieving lucrative court positions. The main thing is that the peasant economy could now develop without any particular hindrances. Namely, it formed the basis of the entire European economy.

Jean Froissard on Jacqueria

Soon after the liberation of the king of Navarre, an amazing and great rebellion took place in many areas of the kingdom of France, namely: in Bovezi, Brie, on the Marne, in Laonne, Valois and throughout the country up to Soissons. Some people from the villages gathered without a leader in Bovesi, and there were at first no more than 100 of them. They said that the nobility of the kingdom of Franuia - knights and squires - had disgraced and betrayed the kingdom and that it would be a great blessing to destroy them all. And to the one who spoke so, each shouted: "The true truth he said: shame on the one who will interfere with the extermination of the nobles to the last!" Then they gathered and went in disarray, having no weapons, except for sticks with iron tips and knives, first of all to the house of the nearest knight. They destroyed and set the house on fire, and killed the knight, his wife and children - minors and adults ...

So they did with many castles and good houses and multiplied so much that there were already a good 6 thousand; wherever they passed, their number increased, for each of the people of their rank followed them; knights, ladies, squires and their wives fled, carrying small children on their necks, 10 and 20 miles each, until they considered themselves safe, and abandoned their homes and property to the mercy of fate. And these villains, gathered without a leader and without weapons, smashed and burned everything in their path, killed all the nobles they met ... like mad dogs. Truly, neither Christians nor Saracens have ever seen such frenzies as these villains stained themselves. For whoever committed violence and abominations most of all, about which a human creature should not even have thought, they enjoyed the greatest honor among them and were their most important masters ... They chose a king from among their midst, who, as they said, happened from Clermont to Beauvesy, and put him first, above the first. And they called him, the king, Jacques Prostac. They burned and completely destroyed in the region of Bovesi, as well as in the vicinity of Corby, Amiens and Mondidier, more than 60 good houses and strong castles, and if God did not come to the rescue with His goodness, these villains would multiply so that all noble warriors would die. , the holy church and all the well-to-do people throughout the kingdom, for in the same way the named people acted in the region of Bree and in Patua.

From the anonymous chronicle of the abbey of St. Mary in York on the uprising of 1381

And when the king arrived with his people, he stood with them to the east, near the hospital of St. Bartholomew, the home of the canons, and the communities stood to the west in battle formation in a large number... At this time, the mayor of London, William Wallworth, rode up, and the king ordered him to go to the communities and tell their leader to come to him. And when he, by the name of Wat Tyler of Madston, was called by the mayor, he rode up to the king with great courtesy, sitting on a small horse for the communities to see. And he got off the horse, holding in his hand a dagger which he had taken from another man. And when he came down, he took the king's hand, half bent his knee and shook his hand firmly and strongly, saying to him: “Be calm and cheerful, brother! In just two weeks the communities will praise you even more than they do now, and we will be good comrades. " And the king said to the named Wat: "Why do you not want to go to your places?" The latter replied with a great oath that neither he nor his comrades would leave until they received the letter they wanted to receive, and until such points as they wanted to demand were heard and included in the letter, threatening that the lords of the kingdom will regret if they (the communities) do not receive the points they want ... To this the king calmly replied and said that he would honestly grant them everything he could, leaving behind him the regalia of his crown, and ordered him to go to your home without further slowing down.

At this very time, one servant from Kent, who was among the people of the king's retinue, made his way to see the named Wat, the leader of the communities, and when he saw him, he said publicly that he was the greatest thief and robber in all of Kent ... And for these the words named Wat wanted to stab him with his dagger and kill him in the presence of the king. Therefore, the mayor of London, by the name of William Wallworth, began to reproach the named Wat for this violence and disrespectful behavior in the presence of the king and arrested him. And for this arrest, the named Wat, in great irritation, punched the mayor in the stomach. But, as God pleased, the named mayor wore chain mail and did not suffer any harm, but, as a brave and courageous man, he drew his sword and responded to the named Wat with a strong blow to the neck and again a strong blow to the head. During the confrontation, one servant of the royal court drew his sword and stabbed him two or three times in the stomach and wounded him to death. And the named Wat spurred his horse, shouting to the communities to avenge him; and the horse carried him some eighty paces, and then he fell to the ground half-dead ... And the mayor ... ordered him to be beheaded, and thus ended his life of crime. And the mayor ordered to impale his head and carry it in front of him to the king, who was in the field. And when the king saw the said head, he ordered to bring it closer to him in order to confuse the community, thanked the named mayor very much for what he had done. And when the communities saw that their leader Wat Tyler had died in this way, they fell to the ground among the wheat, as discouraged people, loudly begging the king to forgive them for their crimes.

Jacquerie's peasant uprising.
Jacquerie - the largest peasant uprising in French history, which had an anti-feudal character, which took place in 1358. It was a reaction to France's position in the Hundred Years War.
In the XIV century, this uprising was called "the war between the nobility and the nobility." The name, which is used in scientific circulation now, was invented much later. The uprising received this name in honor of how the nobles called their peasants - "the glorious little Jacques."

Reasons for the uprising

As you know, at this period of time, France was waging a cruel war against England - the Hundred Years War, and at that time, she was seriously in distress. In France, a serious economic crisis began, which was facilitated by the ruin of the country, since the British troops were in full operation on the territory of the French. To support the army, the French crown imposed large taxes on the peasants. In addition, the whole situation was aggravated by the plague epidemic - the legendary "Black Death".
Thief of France "black death" claimed about a third of the total population. Unrest grew among the peasants and the uprising was only a matter of time. And since the French lost a huge contingent of their army, there was no one to defend the land. Unlike the cities, the peasants' plots were not defended in any way, and they suffered from the raids of the British. And on top of that, the mercenaries of France also did not hesitate to plunder the French peasants.
The French crown imposed even higher taxes on the peasants, on top of everything else, because the money was needed to ransom the king - John, who was captured by the British at the Battle of Poitiers. Most of the fortresses near the capital of France were destroyed and money was needed to restore them. Here the crown again imposed even greater taxes on the peasants.
But the last straw was the robbery of Charles the Evil - King of Navarre. His people robbed their own subjects, ravaged their homes, raped their wives and daughters. The peasantry could no longer tolerate this and finally decided on decisive action.

Insurrection

The peasants began to act decisively and rebelled against the nobility, destroying hundreds of castles on their way. Simultaneously with Jacquerie, an uprising began in Paris. The leader of the Jacquerie was an ordinary French peasant, Guillaume Cal. He understood that the poorly armed peasants had little chance against the regular army and he was looking for allies for himself. Cal tried to establish contacts with the leader of the Paris uprising - Etienne Marcel. He arrived in Paris to make an alliance with Marseilles in order to fight together against the feudal lords. But the townspeople of Paris refused to let the peasants into the city. A similar thing happened in other cities.
Marseille in Paris led about three thousand rebellious artisans. Marseille himself was a wealthy merchant. The rebels in Paris broke into the royal palace and carried out reprisals there - the closest advisers of King Charles were killed. Karl himself only miraculously managed to save his life. Marcel himself saved him from death. After that, the French army blocked the import of food into Paris and was preparing to take the city under siege.
If the townspeople refused to help the peasants, then Marseille himself went to help Kali. He even gave an armed detachment of townspeople, so that he, together with the peasants, attacked the fortifications of the feudal lords. But very soon, he recalled this detachment.
The first stage of the uprising was behind the peasants - they robbed and killed the feudal lords, burned their castles and now raped their wives. But as soon as the feudal lords set off out of fear, they themselves began to act decisively.
Charles the Evil gathered an army to crush the uprising. The main forces of the rebellious peasants were concentrated in a village called Melo, where Karl led a well-trained thousand soldiers. He approached the village by June 8th. Although the peasants outnumbered Charles's army, they were still able to do anything to it in the open field - they were defeated.
Kal himself openly opposed entering the battle on the terms of Charles and his troops. But the peasants were so confident in their numerical superiority that they did not obey the orders of their leader, who wanted to withdraw to Paris, where they could be supported by other rebels.
Realizing that the battle could not be avoided, Kal took the most advantageous position on the hill. Karl was even afraid to attack the peasants, because they built an excellent defense. But then he went to the cunning and during the negotiations, he captured Kalya, and then simply executed. After that, the peasants entered into an open battle and the results are known to us.

Execution of the rebels

The leader of the uprising himself, Guillaume Cal, was subjected to the most severe tortures and only after them was executed. Approximately twenty thousand peasants were executed by the end of June 1358. After these executions, the king pardoned the peasants, but the reprisals against them did not stop. The embittered feudal lords continued to take revenge, despite the king's decree.
But even these massacres did not end the uprising. A wave of peasant unrest swept across the country again. They worried the French crown so much that she was forced to make peace with the British in order to calm the peasantry at least a little.
Started in Paris, the Marseille uprising was also stifled. In July, Charles's troops brutally suppressed him after Marseille's supporters betrayed him and allowed the king and his army into the city.

The main reasons for the defeat of the rebels

Poor armament of the insurgent units;
The fragmentation of the insurgent corrals;
The uprising itself had a spontaneous character, since it had neither organization, nor discipline, proper preparation, unified leadership and, of course, a detailed plan of action;
The stupidity of the villagers. It was especially manifested when Kal went to negotiations with the feudal lords, simply trusting their word.

Aftermath of the Jacquerie uprising

The Jacquerie uprising is one of the most powerful uprisings in the Middle Ages. But the villagers did not have a clear plan of action, they were driven only by the desire to destroy the feudal lords. And yet, in spite of the defeat, the uprising nevertheless put its whole hand to the liberation of the peasants from personal dependence, which happened a little later.

In England, a major peasant uprising broke out a quarter of a century later. As long as the British were victorious, the war was not a heavy burden: the costs were covered by captured booty. But in a period of setbacks, the government had to introduce a new tax, which provoked the outrage of its subjects. In 1381, a rebellion began, led by the roofer Wat Tyler ("tyler" means "roofer").

The uprising engulfed most of England. Peasants burned down castles, killed lords and tax collectors. They dreamed of equality for all Englishmen except for the king. "When Adam plowed, and Eve spun, who was noble then?" the rebels asked.

The insurgents' march to London. Miniature

The peasant army approached London. The urban poor, sympathizing with the rebels, opened the gates. Entering the capital, the rebels destroyed the houses of the most hated royal confidants and officials, however, they emphasized that they were not robbers, but loyal servants of the king, deceived by bad advisers. At the request of the peasants, King Richard II (then still a teenager) met with them and listened to their demands, the main of which were the personal freedom of the peasants and forgiveness to the participants in the uprising. The king had to agree, after which a significant part of the peasants went home. Those who remained, proud of their success, presented new, more decisive demands: to divide the ecclesiastical lands among all and abolish the privileges of the nobility. During the discussion of these conditions, Wat Tyler, who confided in the king, was killed by the mayor of London. The insurgents, deprived of leadership, were driven out of London, and then, gathering troops, defeated. As in the time of Jacquerie, the rebels were led by a naive belief in a good king and that the knights would keep their word.

Wat Tyler's rebellion was not futile. The government still had to cut taxes. The seniors were convinced that the patience of the peasants should not be overused. The emancipation of the peasants continued, and the lords had to look for other ways to enrich themselves.

Chronicler Froissart of Wat Tyler's rebellion

This villainous people began to rise in the counties I mentioned, for, according to him, they were being held in too heavy slavery; at the beginning of the world there were no personally dependent peasants, and no one could fall into such dependence, except that he was guilty of treason to his lord, like Lucifer to God; they are not like that, because they are not angels and not spirits, but people like their masters ... They do not want to endure this longer and cannot, but want to "be at the same time", if they plow or do other work for the lord, then they wish to receive payment for it. These follies were even earlier strenuously expressed by an insane English priest from the county of Kent, named John Ball ... This John Ball gathered the people around him and preached the following: “Good people, things in England cannot go well until the property is made common, and there will be neither peasants nor noble ones, and until we all become equal. Why are those whom we call lords are more masters than we are? .. How can they prove this? Is it because they make us work and get what they waste? "

What did the people rebel against? What is the attitude of the chronicler to the events described?

Why did disease take so many lives in the Middle Ages?
How did the people of the Middle Ages explain the diseases that befell them?
What were the consequences of the plague?
Why did relations between peasants and lords become more tense in the 14th century than before?
Identify on the map areas of peasant uprisings in France and England.

Abstract history lesson,

compiled according to the principle of the system-activity approach,

using health-saving technologies.

FULL NAME. Chekalovskaya Lyudmila Evgenievna

Place of work: hut. Khankov, Municipal Formation Slavyansky District, MBOU OOSH No. 21

Position: teacher of history, social studies and geography

Thing: story

Class: 6

Lesson topic“Jacquerie. The Uprising of Wat Tyler in England ", section" Formation of centralized states in Western Europe ", lesson 24.

Basic tutorial: E.V. Agibalova, G.M. Donskoy General History. History of the Middle Ages. 6th grade. M .: Education, 2013

Routing lesson

Lesson topic	Jacquerie. Wat Tyler's revolt in England.
Plan for learning new material	1. The reasons for popular performances in England and France. 2. Jacquerie. 3. The uprising of Wat Tyler in England.
Possible Personally Significant Problem	Show a positive attitude towards learning activities, correlate their actions and the actions of others with historically emerging forms of social behavior, reflect on the social and moral experience of previous generations
The purpose of the lesson	Create conditions for the formation of ideas about the causes, nature and historical consequences of medieval peasant uprisings
Lesson Objectives	educational: characterize the places of battles, circumstances, participants, the results of the Hundred Years War, determine and explain the causes and results of peasant uprisings in England and France, systematize historical material. developing: continue to develop information skills; develop the communication skills of students through joint activities, draw conclusions, based on the sources and the text of the document, characterize events and their participants, the ability to conduct a dialogue, substantiate their point of view reasonably; educational: to develop the ability to work productively in a group, hard work, ingenuity, the desire to help people.
Type and type of lesson, forms of organization of educational activities	Lesson form: study and primary consolidation of new knowledge / historical research in the framework of practical activities in groups. The form of organizing the cognitive activity of students : individual, group. Techniques for the teacher's activity: creating a comfortable psychological and emotional field for students' activities, organizing practical work in groups, heuristic conversation, organization of knowledge assimilation testing.
Planned results	They illustrate the learned theoretical positions with their examples and facts, present information in tabular form, analyze and generalize facts, reproduce the material in an abbreviated form, highlight the necessary information from illustrative material, establish cause-and-effect relationships, draw conclusions, structure knowledge using symbolic means ... They isolate and save educational tasks, show cognitive initiative in educational cooperation, use the guidelines allocated by the teacher in the new educational material, carry out the final and step-by-step control of their actions based on the result, adequately perceive the teacher's assessment. They build statements that are understandable for the partner, enter into verbal communication, negotiate and come to a common solution as a result of joint activities, adequately use speech means to solve various communication problems.
	Systematize material on the formation of centralized states in medieval Europe. Explain which forces and why were in favor of a strong centralized power, and which - against. Introduce characteristics of famous historical figures (Jeanne d'Arc, Wat Tyler) explain why their names have been preserved in the memory of generations. Characterize causes and results of social performances in medieval Europe.
Training equipment	Textbook, worksheets (individual), KIMs, ed. Volkova K.V., hint cards (pasted by class), equipment for creating emoticons (for students to work before the lesson), sheets with a task for the group (to be fixed).
New terms and concepts
Lesson steps	Organizing time Updating the basic knowledge of students on the topic "Hundred Years War" Moving to a new topic Study of new topic Lesson summary, consolidation of what was learned in the lesson
Homework	§ 1. Questions on p. eleven

During the classes

Lesson steps		Student actions
Turn	Students create emoticons from the proposed materials, markers and colored paper, the teacher pays attention to the children's mood, analyzing the color and "emotion" of the smiley. The teacher uses this information when forming groups.	Creation of emoticons.
	Checking the readiness of students for the lesson. Absent in the log.
	Conversation with the aim of developing the ability to form cause-effect relationships. What was the peculiarity of the war we studied in the last lesson? What are the dates of the war? Which parties took part in it?	Conversation with the teacher
	Working with the map Find on the map and name the disputed territories?	Verbal answers at the card
	Working with worksheets Ass 1: (scheme "Hundred Years War")	Completing assignments in work notebooks Completing assignments using the tutorial
	Analysis of the assignment in the classroom.
	Working with texts "Instead of a preface" What do the lyrics say? Where did the described events take place?	Analysis of historical documents. Writing topic and lesson dates to worksheets.
	Group work Task with a table (in worksheets).	Group filling of the table.
	Groups report	Working with tables
	Working with texts Each group receives text with output on the topic, in which it is necessary to insert the missing words. The hint card must be identified in the group. The cards are pasted by class.	Groups collect cards, discuss and complete the assignment. So that the cards are not confused, it is possible to highlight their color for each group.
	Analysis of the assignment in the classroom.
	Performing test work.	Work in KIHs.
	Explanation of homework progress § 2, questions on p. twenty	Writing homework in a diary
	Working with an emoticon.	Students reflect their emotional state on the back of the smiley. The teacher asks to explain how and why the mood of the students changed during the lesson. Students answer at will.

Notes (edit)

Annex 1

Date ____________

Lesson topic ________________________________________________________

1. Let's repeat what we have learned.

2. Instead of a preface

“... the peasants, inexperienced in military affairs, began to forcibly recruit knights into their ranks, giving them the title of“ captains ”;

"Knights, ladies, squires and their wives fled ... carrying the children 10 or 20 miles further around their necks, to where they could consider themselves safe, and left their homes and property to their fate ...";

"There were few cities that would not rise against the nobles ...";

"In the cities and towns through which they passed, residents, both men and women, put tables on the street and treated the jackets ..."

3. Research

Comparison questions	Jacquerie	Wat Tyler's rebellion
1. Reasons uprisings
2. Dates of uprisings
participants
4. Leaders
5. What they wanted rebels
6. How did it end
7. Consequences uprisings

Appendix 2

In 1348, a plague epidemic hit Europe called "Black death" ... She carried away from a third to half of the population: entire districts were dying out, there were not enough cemeteries in the cities to bury the dead.

The Hundred Years War brought new disasters to the peoples. France especially suffered. Taxes rose steadily. Both their own and foreign troops devastated the country. Indignation among the people was caused by the fact that the nobles could not protect the country from the enemy. A chronicler who sympathizes with the people described the ruin of the economy as follows: “The vineyards were not cultivated, the fields were not plowed; bulls and sheep did not walk in the pastures; churches and houses were heaps of sad, still smoking ruins. "

And the gentlemen demanded new payments from the peasants: tax collection began to ransom the king and noble lords who were captured in the battle of Poitiers ... They said: "Jacques the simpleton has a broad back, he will bear everything." Popular name Jacques (Jacob) sounded like a peasant's contemptuous nickname in the mouths of the nobles.

In May 1358 years in the north-east of France, a peasant uprising broke out Jacquerie ... It began without any preparation: the peasants of one village repulsed the attack of a detachment of mercenary robbers, while killing several knights. This was the signal for an uprising. According to the chroniclers, up to 100 thousand peasants took part in it.

A peasant became the leader of the largest detachment Guillaume Cal. The chronicler wrote that this was a man who was "well-worn", "a good talker, of a stately constitution and a handsome face." Kal tried to unite the "Jacques" and bring order to the peasant army.

Before the decisive battle Guillaume Cal placed his troops on a hill and surrounded the camp with carts. Then the nobles decided to cheat. They concluded a truce with the "Jacques" and invited their leader to negotiate, but cunningly seized Kal, put him in chains - and immediately attacked the peasants. Left without a leader, who did not know military affairs, the "Jacques" were crushed and defeated.

Though Jacquerie was defeated, it did not pass without leaving a trace. Frightened by a formidable uprising, the feudal lords did not dare to increase their duties.

By the end of the XIV century. the position of the English peasantry deteriorated significantly. He was especially outraged by the new taxes introduced under King Richard II in connection with the resumption of the Hundred Years War. Rebellion broke out in the spring 1381 g. in the south-east of England, in the county of Essex.

The village roofer became the leader of the uprising Wat Tyler , by whose name this uprising is usually called. He was familiar with military affairs, showed the ability of a good organizer and enjoyed authority among the insurgents.

In two large detachments from Essex and Kent, they approached London ... Their goal was to meet with Richard II and ask him to ease their situation. London was at the mercy of the peasants.

The first meeting of the peasants with King Richard II took place in the London suburb of Mile End. They made demands on the king, called the Mile End Program. In it, they sought the abolition of corvee, the establishment of a uniform low monetary rent, free trade in all cities and towns of England and amnesty for those who took part in the uprising.

The king had to agree to these demands. Some of the peasants, believing the royal word, left London. But many of the rebels, especially the poor from Kent, were not satisfied with these concessions, along with Wat Tyler and John Ball stayed in London. They demanded a new meeting with the king. The king was forced to appear a second time at Smithfield.

By means of deception and treachery, the feudal lords managed to cope with the uprising. During the negotiations, the London mayor treacherously killed Wat Tyler ... Deprived of their leader, they let themselves be deceived a second time and left London. The knightly detachments went after the peasants and defeated them. In all areas of the uprising, the royal courts carried out brutal reprisals. The king reneged on all his promises.

Jacquerie and wat tyler table. Peasant Wars in Western Europe. The Jacquerie and Wat Tyler's Rebellion. using health-saving technologies