Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (1841-1911) is the author of many works on Russian history, but the main one, undoubtedly, is the “Course of Russian History” offered to the reader’s attention. In published lectures, the author highlights the main elements of his concept and general periodization of Russian history. The narrative covers ancient period Russian history, “specific centuries”, development of the Russian state until the middle of the 19th century. The first volume contains thirty-two Lectures (I-XXXII) by the Russian historian.
History of Russia from ancient times. Book… Sergei Soloviev
In the sixth book of works by S.M. Solovyov included the eleventh and twelfth volumes of “History of Russia from Ancient Times”. They set out events during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, i.e. covers domestic history from approximately the late 50s to the mid-70s of the 17th century.
Prince of Taurida Nikolai Heinze
A warrior, diplomat, brilliant courtier, Prince G. Potemkin is better known as the favorite of Catherine II. The true significance of this extraordinary person for the history of Russia can be determined based on historical knowledge.
The novel by N. E. Heinze is based on real events.
Prince Friedrich of Homburg Heinrich Kleist
Kleist drew material for the drama “Prince Friedrich of Homburg” from Russian history. At its center are the events of the Battle of Fehrbellin (1675), which largely determined the future fate of Germany. Kleist, as usual, treated this historical episode very freely, inventing a lot and completely changing the image of the main character. The hysterical Friedrich of Homburg bore very little resemblance to the romantically in love young man as the playwright portrayed him.
Notes by A. Levinton. addressed to the latest, and in many ways directly to modern pages of Russian history. The author set himself the task of seeing and comprehending the diverse phenomena of the country’s fate not from the point of view of one or another ideological tendency, but in the light of the entire more than 1000-year journey. It is this approach that the author demonstrates when describing the events of the October Revolution, the Civil War, collectivization and 1937–39. Since the beginning of so-called glasnost, many works have appeared that set out many previously hushed up facts of our history.…
Secrets of Stalin's diplomacy. 1939-1941 Mikhail Semiryaga
The author - a famous Soviet historian - examines the Stalinist concept foreign policy USSR in 1939–1941, its implementation and concrete results. Based on previously unknown and little-studied sources, he gives new assessments of such historical facts as the conclusion of the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty and the signing of secret protocols, events in Poland, the Baltic states and Bessarabia, the Soviet-Finnish war, Molotov’s negotiations with Hitler in November 1940 . in Berlin, the crime in Katyn, etc. Despite all the debatability of a number of author’s…
“PETER THE GREAT, Historical Research Kazimir Waliszewski
Kazimir Waliszewski (1849-1935) - a widely known scientist: historian, economist, sociologist. Studied in Warsaw and Paris, 1875-1884. taught in Krakow, since 1885 he constantly lived and worked in France. In 1929, for his great contribution to modern historiography, he was awarded an award by the French Academy of Sciences. Author of a number of books on the history of Russia, among which the most famous are “Peter the Great (1897), “Daughter of Peter the Great” (1900), “Ivan the Terrible” (1904), “Son of Catherine the Great” (1910), “Catherine the Great” ( 1934). Despite the fact that many of Valishevsky’s assessments and conclusions today...
The Black Book of Capitalism I Yanchuk
This publication by the team of authors of RUSO contains a large amount of factual material about capitalism in individual countries and its general, characteristic manifestations in the world community.
Based on a systematic, scientific analysis, conclusions and assessments about the role of capitalism in the history of mankind are presented.
This book combines the works of A. S. Pushkin and M. I. Tsvetaeva, representatives of the Golden and Silver Age of Russian literature. But here they act as historians, without for a second ceasing to be what they were - the greatest poets. Hence the synthesis of science and art, historical authenticity and vividness of the narrative. The focus is on such a phenomenon of national history as rebellion. What are its deep origins? Why is it important to understand the Russian rebellion based on the character and values of the era that gave birth to it? Is it really that meaningless? Is it possible...
Interrogation of prisoners of war Sergei Surin
The collection summarizes the experience of parts and connections Soviet army according to the methods of interrogating prisoners of war, accumulated over the years of the Great Patriotic War, and also defined the functional responsibilities of military interpreters of the regiment, division, corps and the investigative unit of the apparatus of the chief of army intelligence. The material was prepared for publication by Major General Surin S.I. Editor-in-chief Army General Zakharov M.V.
In search of universal consciousness Dora Sturman
In 1992, in the seventh book of the New World, Renata Galtseva’s article “The Revival of Russia and the New “Order” of the Intelligentsia” was published. Last year, materials by D. S. Likhachev “On the Russian Intelligentsia” (No. 2) and Alexey Kiva “Intelligentsia in the Hour of Trial” (No. 8) appeared on the pages of the magazine. The previous issue published an article by Andrei Bystritsky “Approaching Peace.” Today we bring to the attention of our readers the great work of our regular author Dora Sturman, “In Search of Universal Consciousness.” Rethinking the articles of the famous collection...
Gorbachev - Yeltsin: 1500 days of political confrontation L. Dobrokhotov
This book is about the dramatic rivalry between two political leaders for the fate of the country at a stage that went down in Russian history under the name of perestroika. It's documentary. Readers will learn about all the vicissitudes of the grueling confrontation between Gorbachev and Yeltsin directly from the lips of the “main characters.” Fragments of speeches, speeches, interviews, statements and other materials, presented in chronological order, paint a fairly complete picture of a political marathon lasting one and a half thousand days: from October 1987 to December 1991. Involved...
ADMIRAL KOLCHAK: TRUTH AND MYTHS Vladimir Khandorin
Popular science monograph by candidate of historical sciences V.G. Khandorin is dedicated to one of the most controversial and ambiguous names in Russian history, around which discussions continue among scientists and politicians - a military-political figure, the White Guard Supreme Ruler during the Civil War, an outstanding naval commander, scientist, polar traveler Admiral A.V. Kolchak. The book, written in accessible literary language, draws on a wide range of documentary sources and literature and represents an attempt...
Imperial Russia Evgeniy Anisimov
The book, written by the famous historian and writer Evgeniy Viktorovich Anisimov, contains complete and comprehensive information on the history of Imperial Russia - from Peter the Great to Nicholas II. Two centuries of Russian history will appear before you, which largely determined the future fate of the country. This was the era when the foundations of Russia's power were laid, the era of the formation of a great power. But this same time also determined its fall in 1917. The text of the book, presented in a traditional chronological manner, includes fascinating inserts:...
Rurikovich. Historical portraits Valery Kurganov
"Historical Portraits" tell about the most famous representatives the Rurik dynasty, which ruled Rus' for almost seven and a half centuries. The author relies on the works of domestic and foreign scientists who worked with original documents, chronicle sources and the results of archaeological excavations. The events of Russian history are compared with events that simultaneously occurred among European and Asian peoples.
In this book dr. ist. science prof. D. N. Alshits sets out his concept of the initial history of autocracy. Based on the historical sources he introduced into scientific circulation - the List of Oprichniki of Ivan the Terrible, the Official Book of Rank of the Moscow Sovereigns, as well as previously unknown literary works of the 16th century - the author shows that the oprichnina was not a random and short-term episode, but necessary step the formation of autocracy, the initial form of the apparatus of its power. The book is written in a lively polemical manner and is intended for lovers...
Who finished off Russia? Myths and truth about the Civil... Nikolai Starikov
The October Revolution became the greatest catastrophe in Russian history. In the fall of 1917, the thousand-year-old Russian state virtually ceased to exist. Soviet history began with a clean slate. How could this happen? Was this an accident - or the result of a sophisticated political game? An internal affair of Russia - or the result of external influence? Why was Grigory Rasputin killed? Why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power so easily? Who was behind them? Who unleashed it in Russia Civil War? Why did Lenin and Trotsky flood...
Who killed the Russian Empire?
Nikolay Starikov
Mighty and great Russia was destroyed in 1917 in a matter of months. The history of this greatest catastrophe is still largely mysterious, and there are far more questions than answers. Why did an ordinary bread riot develop into a revolution? Why did Nicholas II and his brother abdicate the throne so easily? How did it happen that just eight months after the “victory of democracy” no one wanted to defend its “gains”, essentially allowing the Bolsheviks to seize power without resistance? Who was behind the scenes of all these tragic events? Who killed the Russian Empire?... Purpose of the lecture: based on students' knowledge acquired in high school
when studying the courses “History of Russia”, “General History”; through the disclosure of the main trends and patterns of the formation of historical science; to form in students knowledge about formational, civilizational and cultural approaches to history, to lead them to the idea that Russian civilization has a number of features in historical development.
Lecture outline
1. The concept of “history”.
2. The concept of “society”. Basic laws of social development.
3. Social and environmental crises in the history of mankind.
4. Basic approaches to history: formational, cultural, civilizational.
5. Russia's place among other civilizations.
1. The concept of “history”
Let's remember once again what “History” is, what this science does. Who will try to formulate an answer?
History is a science that studies facts, events and processes on the basis of historical sources (for example: chronicles), to establish the patterns of historical development of society.
Knowing the laws of social development, we can not only assume why our ancestors acted one way or another, but also model our future. After listening to the course “National History”, you will know what we need to correct, first of all, in ourselves, so that there are changes throughout society.
2. The concept of “society”. Basic laws of social development
You and I have established that history is a science that observes the maturation and age-related changes of society. What is society as a whole?
Indeed, this is a collection of people, and we are all, and much more... Currently, science provides more than 200 definitions of the concept “society”. Among them are:
Society is a sociocultural system consisting of two levels of social organization - the level of cultural systems (the interconnection of ideas) and the level of social systems (the interconnection of people).
Society is a part of the world created by people acting together and consciously transforming it.
Society is the totality of all methods of interaction and forms of unification of people, expressing their comprehensive dependence on each other.
Society is a set of historically established forms of interaction between people.
Society is a variety of relationships between people that arise without the participation of the state.
However, the most meaningful is the following definition, which is understandable to both humanists and natural scientists:
Society is a dynamic self-developing system, separated from nature, but not breaking the connection with it.
The main features of this system are:
Self-organization.
Self-development.
Self-activity.
Self-sufficiency.
Philosophers call the last sign a distinctive feature of humanity as an integral system, from small social groups, which you and I are now.
Society is a living organism that has its own structure. The smallest elements of this system are you and me, large substructures: economic, political, social, spiritual spheres of society.
Systems such as human society are called open systems by physicists because they exchange matter, energy and information with the environment.
Society, as an open system, develops nonlinearly, that is, it goes through a series of social and environmental crises (the so-called bifurcation points). Every crisis is a challenge to society, a situation of historical choice, which leads either to an increase in the structural organization of the system, or to its destruction.
We see that humanity, just like each of us, goes through black and white stripes and strives to preserve life. While we are alive..., and therefore some accidents (and maybe not accidental discoveries of genius) have still pushed the system onto a new path of development, along which it followed until a new bifurcation.
Option No. 289032
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Which of the following characterizes society as a system?
1) isolation from nature
2) constant development
3) maintaining a connection with nature
4) the presence of spheres and institutions
Answer:
Having entered the tenth grade, student T. chose several specialized elective courses in various subjects. He is most interested in the social and human sciences, so he will take some additional courses in philosophy, sociology, law, and history. At what level of education is student T.?
1) primary vocational education
2) basic general education
3) complete (secondary) general education
4) secondary vocational education
Answer:
Which of the following trends in educational development illustrates the student’s right to educational program created taking into account his individual characteristics?
1) humanization
2) humanitarization
3) computerization
4) internationalization
Answer:
Are the following truth statements true?
A. Relative truth is knowledge that necessarily gives rise to different points of view.
B. Relative truth is incomplete knowledge that is true only under certain conditions.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer:
Market economy, as opposed to command economy
1) excludes inflation
2) creates a commodity shortage
3) provides full employment
4) generates competition among commodity producers
Answer:
If the number of employed people in a country is 29 million people, the labor force is 30 million people, then the unemployment rate is
Answer:
What indicator will give the owner of the Omega commercial enterprise information about the performance of the company he owns?
1) revenue from sales of finished products
2) net profit of the enterprise
3) the amount of investment in production
4) interest paid on bank loans
Answer:
The figure shows the situation on the book market: the supply line S has moved to a new position S1. (P – price of the product, Q – volume of supply of the product)
This movement may be associated primarily with (with)
1) reduction of taxes on book publishing companies
2) increasing consumer demand for books and magazines
3) repurposing publishing houses to produce media products and e-books
4) government orders to publishers for the production of school textbooks
5) increasing taxes on book publishing companies
Answer:
Are the following statements about inflation correct?
A. If the country's industry increases output, and the velocity of money does not change, then, other things being equal, the price level will decrease.
B. If a country's industry cannot increase output, and the amount of money in circulation increases, then, other things being equal, the price level will increase.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer:
Among the channels of upward social mobility, sociologist P. Sorokin singled out
1) family ties
2) accumulated personal experience
3) expansion of the family
4) getting an education
Answer:
In Russia, before 1917, in addition to the privileged (nobility, clergy) and unprivileged (peasantry), there were also semi-privileged classes (for example, the Cossacks). What social phenomenon does this fact illustrate?
1) social differentiation
2) social mobility
3) social role
4) social adaptation
Answer:
Are the following statements about social conflicts true?
A. Conflict interaction exists in any type of society.
B. Social conflicts always lead to negative consequences.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer:
What is characteristic of any state?
1) multi-party system
2) the presence of representative authorities
3) law enforcement activities
4) recognition of human rights and freedoms as the highest value
Answer:
Strict party discipline, fixed membership, adherence to ideology are signs
1) parties of voters
2) mass parties
3) personnel parties
4) avant-garde parties
Answer:
Below is the data from a survey conducted All-Russian Center public opinion research (VTsIOM). Respondents were asked the question: “Is each of the following sources of information important or not very important for you during election campaigns?” The survey results are presented in a histogram (in%)
What conclusion can be drawn based on the data presented?
1) The majority of respondents receive information from television programs.
2) More than half of the respondents do not read the press and do not receive information from it.
3) Only a tenth of those surveyed were unable to participate in meetings of candidates with voters for one reason or another.
4) As a source of information, radio is as popular among respondents as television.
Answer:
Are the following judgments about types of political leadership correct?
A. Most modern states are characterized by rational-legal political leadership.
B. The charismatic type of leadership is based primarily on traditions, foundations, and the laws of dynastic inheritance.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer:
Which of the following is regulated by family law?
1) receiving an inheritance under a will
2) procedure for obtaining citizenship
3) the procedure for paying child support
4) procedure for acquiring real estate
Answer:
After a criminal case is brought to court, the accused becomes
1) suspect
2) the defendants
3) a criminal
4) convicted
Answer:
A twenty-five-year-old citizen of K., who has no contraindications for health, was exempt from conscription for military service. What was the basis for this decision?
1) married and raising a child
2) has retired parents
3) served in another state
4) is an Orthodox believer
Answer:
Are the following judgments about the legal status of minors correct?
A. For employment underage worker at the age of 14, the employer must obtain the consent of the guardianship and trusteeship authority, one of the parents or persons replacing them.
B. Dismissal of a minor employee is permitted only with the consent of the relevant state labor inspectorate and the territorial commission for the affairs of minors and the protection of their rights.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer:
Write down the word missing in the table.
Answer:
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, are associated with the concept of “political regime”.
2) federalism
3) totalitarianism
4) monarchy
5) democracy
6) dictatorship
Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer.
Answer:
Establish a correspondence between examples of legal relations and the branches of law governing them: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G | D | E |
Answer:
Find in the list below the features of reform as a form of social change and write down the numbers under which they are listed.
1) significant changes introduced legally
2) change of the ruling group while maintaining existing social relations
3) gradual change in various spheres of society, occurring under the influence of objective factors
4) major transformations carried out at the initiative of the authorities
5) large-scale transformations that do not affect the fundamental foundations of society
Answer:__________.
Answer:
Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
(A) The Constitution is a single normative legal act with special legal properties, through which the people establish the basic principles of the structure of society and the state, and establish the legal status of a person and a citizen. (B) In Europe, the first written constitutions were the constitutions of Poland and France (C) The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted in a national referendum in December 1993 (D) It should be recognized that the current Constitution of the Russian Federation has declarative elements: the state is called legal in advance, the mechanism is poorly defined protection of human and civil rights. (D) It seems that what is powerful is not the constitution itself, but the constitutional system, consisting of the attitude of society to the Basic Law and of the patterns of behavior and institutions grown around the Constitution.
Determine which provisions of the text are
1) factual nature
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements
Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.
| A | B | IN | G | D |
Answer:
Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“The following most general indicators can be identified: _____________(A). From era to era, there is an increase in labor productivity based on the improvement of means and organization of labor, which, in turn, entails the improvement of the workforce, brings to life new production skills and knowledge and changes the existing ______________ (B). Simultaneously with the progress of productive forces, there is an increase in the volume of scientific information. Science turns into a direct ______________ (In) society.
There is an increasing tendency for society to master the spontaneous forces of nature and free people from the yoke of spontaneous social factors. There is _____________________ (D) social life on a planetary scale, leading to the formation and functioning of ______________________ (D) ideals, norms and values. Humanity is gradually turning into a single whole. But the main indicator and criterion of social progress is the expansion of _______________________ (E). The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once.”
Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.
| A | B | IN | G | D | E |
Answer:
Answer:
Find a concept that generalizes all other concepts in the series below. Write down this word (phrase).
Perfect competition, aggregate demand, market economy, equilibrium price, economic freedom.
Answer:
What does the author see as the reasons for the decline of aristocracies in quantitative and qualitative terms? How, in the author’s opinion, does the numerical and qualitative restoration of the ruling class occur (indicate two ways)?
(V. Pareto)
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Aristocracies do not last forever. Whatever the reasons, it is undeniable that they disappear after some time. History is the graveyard of aristocracies... Some aristocracies decline not only in quantity, but also in quality, as their energy weakens and the proportions of resources with which they gained and retained power change. [...]
The ruling class is restored not only numerically, but, more importantly, qualitatively: thanks to families from the lower classes bringing the energy and resources necessary to maintain power. It also recovers due to the fact that it loses its most degraded members.
If one of these processes stops, or, worse, both stop, the ruling class will decline, often leading to the decline of the entire nation. This is a powerful reason that upsets the balance: the accumulation of higher elements in the lower classes and, conversely, lower elements in the higher classes. If human aristocracies were like selected species of animals that, over a long period of time, reproduce their own kind with approximately the same characteristics, the history of mankind would be different.
As a result of the circulation of elites, the ruling elite is in a state of constant and slow transformation, moving like a river; today she is no longer the same as yesterday. From time to time, surprises and violent shocks like floods occur; then the new ruling elite begins to gradually change again: the river, having entered its channel, resumes its usual path.
Revolutions occur because, with the slowdown of the circulation of the elite or for some other reason, degraded elements accumulate in the higher strata of society, who no longer have the resources necessary to maintain power, who avoid the use of force, while in the lower strata the number of elements of the highest increases. qualities that have the potential necessary to perform the function of management and are prone to the use of force.
(V. Pareto)
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The next page will ask you to check them yourself.
The author writes that “as a result of the circulation of elites, the ruling elite is in a state of constant and slow transformation, moving like a river; today she is no longer the same as she was yesterday.” Based on the material studied in the course of national and world history, social science knowledge, give three examples illustrating the process of gradual transformation of the elites.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Aristocracies do not last forever. Whatever the reasons, it is undeniable that they disappear after some time. History is the graveyard of aristocracies... Some aristocracies decline not only in quantity, but also in quality, as their energy weakens and the proportions of resources with which they gained and retained power change. [...]
The ruling class is restored not only numerically, but, more importantly, qualitatively: thanks to families from the lower classes bringing the energy and resources necessary to maintain power. It also recovers due to the fact that it loses its most degraded members.
If one of these processes stops, or, worse, both stop, the ruling class will decline, often leading to the decline of the entire nation. This is a powerful reason that upsets the balance: the accumulation of higher elements in the lower classes and, conversely, lower elements in the higher classes. If human aristocracies were like selected species of animals that, over a long period of time, reproduce their own kind with approximately the same characteristics, the history of mankind would be different.
As a result of the circulation of elites, the ruling elite is in a state of constant and slow transformation, moving like a river; today she is no longer the same as yesterday. From time to time, surprises and violent shocks like floods occur; then the new ruling elite begins to gradually change again: the river, having entered its channel, resumes its usual path.
Revolutions occur because, with the slowdown of the circulation of the elite or for some other reason, degraded elements accumulate in the higher strata of society, who no longer have the resources necessary to maintain power, who avoid the use of force, while in the lower strata the number of elements of the highest increases. qualities that have the potential necessary to perform the function of management and are prone to the use of force.
The ruling class is restored not only numerically, but, more importantly, qualitatively: thanks to families from the lower classes bringing the energy and resources necessary to maintain power. It also recovers due to the fact that it loses its most degraded members.
If one of these processes stops, or, worse, both stop, the ruling class will decline, often leading to the decline of the entire nation. This is a powerful reason that upsets the balance: the accumulation of higher elements in the lower classes and, conversely, lower elements in the higher classes. If human aristocracies were like selected species of animals that, over a long period of time, reproduce their own kind with approximately the same characteristics, the history of mankind would be different.
As a result of the circulation of elites, the ruling elite is in a state of constant and slow transformation, moving like a river; today she is no longer the same as yesterday. From time to time, surprises and violent shocks like floods occur; then the new ruling elite begins to gradually change again: the river, having entered its channel, resumes its usual path.
Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to essentially reveal the topic “Taxes”. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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The next page will ask you to check them yourself.
Choose one of the statements below and write a mini-essay based on it.
Formulate at your own discretion one or more main ideas of the topic raised by the author and reveal it (them) based on social science knowledge.
To reveal the main idea(s) you have formulated, provide reasoning and conclusions using social science knowledge (relevant concepts, theoretical positions).
To illustrate the main idea(s), theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions you have formulated, provide at least two social facts/examples from various sources (public life (including media reports), personal social experience (including including books read, movies watched), from various educational subjects.
Each given fact/example must be formulated in detail and confirm/be clearly connected with the designated main idea, theoretical position, reasoning or conclusion. The content of the examples should not be of the same type (they should not duplicate each other).
29.1 “The word “crisis” written in Chinese consists of two characters: one means “danger”, the other means “opportunity”. (J. Kennedy)
29.2 “We are all below the poverty line, just on different sides of it.” (M. Genin)
29.3 “If a free society cannot help the many poor, it cannot protect the rich few.” (D. Rockefeller)
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The next page will ask you to check them yourself.
Complete testing, check answers, see solutions.
