A verb is an unchangeable form of a verb (many consider it an independent part of speech), which denotes an action that acts as a sign of another action, combines the features of a verb and an adverb, and is a circumstance or a secondary predicate in a sentence.
Verb signs of gerunds:

1. They denote an action, since they are formed from a verb, but the action is not the main one, but a secondary, additional one. Compare: The car drove into the yard and stopped in front of a small house. - The car drove into the yard and stopped in front of a small house. In the first sentence, the verbs are equal, they are homogeneous members. In the second, the verbal participle entered expresses a secondary action preceding the main one, expressed by the verb stopped.

The action expressed by a verb and a participle is performed by the same person (object). Therefore, it is wrong to use turns of the type: Leaving home, my portfolio fell. However, some writers of the XIX century. there is a similar use of gerunds under the influence of the French language, for example, in A. I. Herzen: “Wandering the streets, I finally came up with one friend, whom social status made it possible to find out what was going on, and maybe help "; from A. N. Tolstoy: "While waiting for the Empress and the Emperor to leave, a conversation began between the Prussian envoy and Baron Lieven ..."

1. Morphological properties common with the verb: appearance, transitivity (intransitivity), voice.

The gerunds have the form of perfect and imperfect: performing (non-Soviet) - completing (Soviet), covering (non-Soviet) - covering (Soviet). Imperfect participles generally denote an additional action that occurs simultaneously with the main one: Solving problems, he listens to music. Perfective participles denote an additional preceding action, that is, an action that is predominantly completed before the moment of the main action: Having solved the problem, he called a friend.
The gerunds inherit from the generating verb the meaning of transitivity-intransition: to read a book (transition., C. Item without a preposition) and reading a book (transition., C. Item without a preposition); burning with desire (intransitive, tv. p.) and burning with desire (intransitive., tv. p.).
The participles have a valid voice: when sending a letter, loving a sister; going on a hike, cleaning the apartment (from reflexive verbs), but there are also non-taxable participles, for example, waking up. The participle does not have the passive voice.

1. The syntactic properties of participles common with the verb include:

a) the ability to combine with the same adverbs and adverbial combinations: read fluently - reading fluently, appear from time to time - appearing from time to time;
b) the ability to control the same forms: correspond with friends - correspond with friends, get up at dawn - get up at dawn.
Adverbial signs of participles:

1. Immutability (lack of forms of inflection).
2. The ability to be used as a function of a circumstance (mode of action, time, condition, reason), adjoining the predicate verb: while inspecting, I drove around and went around, quickly drove around, drove around on horseback. However, the verbal participle can also act as a secondary predicate: The coachman walked around, having nothing to do, straightening the harness (A. Pushkin); compare: the coachman walked around and, having nothing to do, he was straightening the harness.

The gerunds do not have a tense category, but they acquire a certain temporal meaning in the sentence. They denote time not in relation to the moment of speech, but in relation to the moment of committing another action, expressed by the predicate verb (relative tense). The imperfective gerunds denote the simultaneity of the action, that is, they show that the actions of the gerunds and the predicate verb coincide in time: Sitting in the park, I read the newspaper. Perfective participles denote the non-simultaneity of actions: the action occurs either earlier or later than the action indicated by the verb. For example, in the sentence I am already getting sick in the summer, having barely recovered from winter (M. Tsvetaeva), the participle acquires the meaning of precedence: first the poetess recovered, then she fell ill. In the sentence, He hastily undressed and went to bed, wrapped in a blanket (M. Gorky), the participle acquires the meaning of following. In this example, the perfect adverbial participle, adjacent to the perfect past tense verb and standing behind it, means the next action, which is an organic consequence of the main action.

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Gerunds - a special verb form that denotes an action that is complementary to the predicate, answers questions what are you doing? what having done? and combines the signs of a verb and an adverb. In a sentence gerunds are the circumstances: Squealing, a heavy winch crawls ... (G. Ivanov).

The signs of the verb and adverb in the gerunds

Verb features	Adverb signs
View (perfect and imperfect): deciding- deciding playing- playing.	Immutability (like an adverb, the verbal participle does not change and is associated with other words by means of adhesion).
Transition / intransitivity: reading(what?) the book- doing.	Syntactic function (like an adverb, a participle in a sentence is a circumstance).
Return / irrevocability: dressing- dressing.
Ability to be defined by an adverb: understand correctly- understanding correctly, understanding.

Gerunds does not have a category of tense, but it expresses relative tense: simultaneity with an action called a predicate verb, or preceding it

Discharges of gerunds by meaning, formation of gerunds

Gerunds imperfect denote an additional action that occurs simultaneously with the main action, called the predicate: So the young rake thought, flying in the dust on the post office ... (A. Pushkin)

Gerunds imperfective are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs using the suffix -a (i): cry- crying, looking - looking, dancing jut - dancing (dancingja]).

Suffixed verbs -wa-, which falls out in the present tense, this suffix is ​​retained in the gerunds: admit jut- recognizing-t - recognizing (recognizing [ j- a]).

Some imperfective verbs do not form gerunds: verbs on -ch (take care, bake, cut); verbs with suffix -nu- (sour, chill), some monosyllabic verbs (sew, sing, wait, lie and etc.).

Gerunds from verbs be and steal have the suffix -uch-: being, stealthily.

Gerunds perfect kind denote an additional action preceding the main action called the predicate: ... And, sitting under a pine tree, he eats porridge ... (A. Tvardovsky).

Gerunds are formed from the infinitive stem of perfect verbs using suffixes -v, -lice(using this suffix gerunds are formed from reflexive verbs), -shi: say- having said wash up- after washing, get in- climbed in.

Gerunds perfect form can be formed from the base of a simple future tense using the suffix -a (s): read- after reading, they will find- finding. Especially common gerunds perfect view of -and I) in stable combinations: in all honesty; folded hands; slipshod, headlong, reluctant and etc.

Features of the use of participles

Gerunds with words depending on it forms participial turnover .

Gerunds and participial turnover, denoting an additional (accompanying) action, adjoin the predicate verb, which names the main action in the sentence. But this additional action must necessarily be performed by the subject (person) that is called the subject of this sentence: The boys dispersed dogs taking the young lady under her cover (A. Pushkin).

A common mistake is to use gerunds and adverbial phrases, the additional action of which is performed by a person or object that is not subject to the predicate in this sentence: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, I have hat flew off(A. Chekhov).

Gerunds and adverbial turns can also be used in impersonal sentences, but only in those where there is a character denoted by the dative case: In preparation for the exam, I often had to go to the library.

The actor may not be named in the sentence, but the meaning indicates him gerunds and the predicate in this impersonal sentence.

Gerunds and adverbs

Gerunds can lose the meaning and grammatical features of the verb and pass into adverbs... In this case gerunds cease to be designations of an additional action, in them the qualitative meaning (the meaning of the sign of action) is enhanced. For instance: He sat bent over; She walked slowly ; Dmitry listened to him frowning(M. Gorky).

Some gerunds have already fully switched to adverbs, having lost the meaning of an additional action: listened silently ; writes With walking, standing; reading lying ; says choking(= not clear, fast); answered without thinking(= fast); told slowly(= slow); stood stretched out(= straight); answered reluctantly(= sluggish); lives playfully (- easy, carefree); speaks without stopping(= non-stop); said lovingly(= kindly).

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the selection of two constant features (type, immutability). The verbal participle has no inconsistent signs, since it is an unchangeable form. Verb features (transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility) can be included in morphological analysis of the participle.

Scheme of morphological parsing of the participle. I. Part of speech (special form of the verb). II. Morphological signs. 1. Initial form (indefinite form of the verb). 2. Permanent signs: 2) immutable form. III. Syntactic function. A tumbleweed ran along and across the steppe, stumbling and jumping ... (A. Chekhov)

A sample of the morphological analysis of the gerunds. I. Stumbling- a verb participle, a special form of the verb, as it denotes an additional action. II. Morphological signs. 1. The initial form is to stumble. 2. Permanent signs: 1) imperfect appearance; 2) immutable form. III. Syntactic function. The sentence is the circumstance of the course of action: ran (how?) Stumbling.

The verbal participle answers the questions of what to do? what having done? 3. Single participles can lose the signs of a verb and pass into the category of adverbs. The verb participle is a special unchangeable form of the verb that denotes an additional action in the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions WHAT IS DOING? WHAT HAVE YOU DONE?

Designate an unfinished additional action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb. Some verbs [beat, tear, cherish, flow, etc.) do not form gerunds. The combination of verb and adverb features in one word. Closing is a verbal participle, since it has dependent words and can be replaced with a verb form (cf. Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).

Immutability (like an adverb, the verbal participle does not change and is associated with other words by means of adhesion). Syntactic function (like an adverb, a participle in a sentence is a circumstance). The imperfective gerunds denote an additional action that occurs simultaneously with the main action called the predicate: So the young rake thought, flying in the dust on the post ...

8.2.3. Syntactic experiments with participles

Verbs with the -va- suffix, which falls out in the present tense, retain this suffix in the verbal participle: recognize - recognize-t - recognizing (recognizing). The gerunds of the verbs to be and to sneak have the suffix -uch-: being, sneaking. The gerunds and adverbs, denoting an additional (accompanying) action, are adjacent to the predicate verb, which names the main action in the sentence.

The actor may not be named in the sentence, but the meaning of the participle and predicate in this impersonal sentence indicates him. In this case, the gerunds cease to be designations of an additional action, the qualitative meaning (the meaning of the action sign) is enhanced in them. 2. The syntactic role of the participle can be determined only in the context of the sentence.

The participle depends on the predicate verb. The gerunds are returnable and non-returnable. The spelling is NOT with gerunds. NOT with gerunds is usually written separately. The scheme of the morphological analysis of the participle as a special unchangeable form of the verb is simpler than that of the participle. Constant signs can be determined when the verb from which this participle is formed is established.

What part of speech is this? (verb) What does a verb mean? The purpose of our lesson: to get an idea of ​​the participle as a special form of the verb. Be able to distinguish a verb from a verb participle. We will learn the participle according to our usual plan. Which one? The plan for the study of the adverbial participle. The term was introduced by the grammar M. Smotritsky at the beginning of the XYII century. Until the XYII century, there was no geruch, but there was a form of a real participle of the present tense.

Here its place was taken by the gerunds. What questions did you ask about the participle? What do participles have? What is a participle with dependent words? What words does the participle depend on? Hardly anyone can tell about the participle better than it itself. Read the participle monologue. If the verb has two perfective participles - with the suffix -в and with the suffix -lsi or -shi, then the gerunds with the suffixes -lsi or -shi are vernacular or outdated.

Some linguists consider the gerunds to be a special form of the verb, others as an independent part of speech. In this tutorial, we take the latter point of view. This is the designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the predicate verb is performed.

Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. Unstable morphological features (unchangeable word). Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfect verbs with the help of the suffix -а (i): cry - crying, look - looking, dance - dance (dance)). The form of the verb can be found out by asking the questions: doing what? what having done? From the sky came the trumpet cry of the swans. Which sentences are more expressive and why?

Syntactic features. Straightening their wings, almost without moving them, the swans sank into the water and swam, proudly looking around. Once again: what does a verb mean? The verb denotes the main action that the subject performs. I have forever lost the right to change in gender, number and case, as it was before the XYII century. True, life is not easy for the Communion. They, like me, are constantly infringed upon, suspected of lack of independence.

He gave me a lot: the meaning of the action (albeit an additional one), and the recurrence, and the form. Our mothers are different. I consider the Adverb to be my mother, since it inherited from her the syntactic role of circumstance and morphological immutability. This is how I live, businesslike, unchangeable, always ready to help the Verb expand the range of actions.

Since such nouns and adjectives do not change, they do not have endings, the vowels at the end of words refer to the stem. The indefinite form of the verb - the predicate or part of it, as well as the subject and, somewhat less often, the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence, addition, definition and circumstance. SV - for perfective verbs, what to do?

In the sentence, the gerunds are the circumstances: Squealing, a heavy winch crawling ... View is a constant morphological feature of the verb. 2. Morphological signs. What action does a participle mean?

1. As already noted (see clause 3.1. Parts of speech. The word and its forms), the verbal participle is characterized in linguistics in different ways.

Some linguists consider the adjectives as a special form of the verb, others as an independent part of speech. In this tutorial, we take the latter point of view.

Gerunds- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of a verb and an adverb and shows how, why, when the action caused by the predicate verb is performed.

The participle answers questions what are you doing? what having done? Questions are also possible as? why? how? when? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

The gerunds with dependent words are called adverbial turnover.

Leaving for the village, waiting for the stage, seeing his brother.

The main signs of the participle

A) General grammatical meaning	Examples of
This is the designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the predicate verb is performed.	Standing at the window, he carefully read the note presented to him.
B) Morphological signs	Examples of
The combination of verb and adverb features in one word.
The gerunds are formed from verbs and retain the following features of the verbs: transitivity, return.	Wed: think(imperfect view, irrevocable) - thinking; to think(perfect view, irrevocable) - thinking; ponder(perfect view, returnable) - thinking
The gerunds are spread like verbs.	Thinking about mother - thinking about mother; thinking about the future - thinking about the future; quarreling with the mother - quarreling with the mother..
The gerunds have the following signs of adverbs:
gerunds - unchangeable words;	Reading, reading, deciding.
The participle depends on the predicate verb.	Passing the note, he stepped aside.
C) Syntactic features	Examples of
In a sentence, the participle depends on the predicate verb.
In a sentence, the adverbial participle and adverbial turnover play the role of a circumstance.	[When?] By handing over a note, he stepped aside.

2. Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes - -а, -я, -v, -vshi, -shi:

• gerunds imperfect are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -а, -я:

  to be silent: silent - at → silently;
  decide: solve - hut → deciding;

• gerunds perfect kind are formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:

  shut up: shut up - be → shut up;
  decide: decide - be → deciding;
  to do: busy - be-sya → having occupied;
  bring: brought - ti → bring.

3. Single participles can lose the signs of a verb and pass into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced with verb forms, usually you cannot ask questions what are you doing? what having done?), but denote only a sign of action, as adverbs, and answer the question how? The gerunds that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.

For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov).

Closing- a verbal participle, since it has dependent words and can be replaced with a verb form (cf. Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).

Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question what are you doing? cannot be set); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened and was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened).

4. Morphological analysis of gerunds:

Adverb parse plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form. Morphological signs:
	A	Permanent morphological features:
		1	view;
		2	return.
	B	Variable morphological features(unchangeable word).
III	Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the participle in this sentence).

He hurt himself when he fell off his horse(Turgenev).

Having fallen

1. A verbal participle, as it denotes an additional action; answers the questions when? what having done?
2. N. f. - falling... Morphological signs:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) perfect view;
   2) irrevocable.
   B) Unstable morphological characters (unchangeable word).
3. Forms an adverbial turnover with a noun form from horse; in a sentence the adverbial turnover is a circumstance of time.

The participle is an unchangeable form of the verb (many consider it independent part of speech), which denotes an action that acts as a sign of another act, combines the signs of a verb and an adverb within itself, and in a sentence is a circumstance or a secondary predicate.
Verb signs gerunds:

1. They denote an action, because they are formed from a verb, but the action is not the main thing, but secondary, additional. Compare: The car drove into the yard and pulled up in front of a small house. - The car, having driven into the yard, stopped in front of a small house. In the first sentence, the verbs are equal, they are homogeneous members. In the 2nd - the verb adverb expresses a secondary action, the previous main one, expressed by the verb braked.

The action expressed by a verb and a participle is performed by the same person (object). Therefore, it is incorrect use turnovers like: Leaving home, my briefcase fell off. But some writers of the XIX century. there is a similar use of gerunds under the influence of the French language, for example, in A. I. Herzen: “Wandering the streets, in the end, I came up with a companion whose public position made it possible to find out what was going on, or maybe , and help "; from A. N. Tolstoy: “While waiting for the Empress and the ruler to leave, a conversation began between the Prussian envoy and Baron Lieven. ".

1. Morphological common with the verb specifications: type, transitivity (intransition), pledge.

The gerunds have the form of perfect and imperfect: performing (non-Soviet) - completing (Soviet), covering (carrying) - covering (Soviet). Gerunds Imperfect form in the main denote an additional action that proceeds immediately with the main one: Solving problems, he listens to music. Gerunds perfect types denote an additional previous action, that is, an action that was largely completed before the moment of the main action: Having solved the problem, he called a friend.
Gerunds inherit from producing verb and meaning transitivity- non-transitions: reading a book (transition. v. p. without a preposition) and reading a book (transition. v. p. without a preposition); to burn with desire (intransitive tv. n.) and burning desire (intransitive tv. n.).
The participles have a valid voice: when sending a letter, loving a sister; going on a hike, cleaning the apartment (from refundable verbs), but there are also extra-taxable participles, for example, waking up. The participle does not have the passive voice.

1. The syntactic properties of participles common with the verb include:

a) the ability to combine with the same adverbs and adverbial combinations: read quickly - reading fluently, appearing from time to time - appearing from time to time;
b) the ability to control the same forms: correspond with friends - correspond with friends, get up at dawn - get up at dawn.
Adverbial signs of participles:

1. Immutability (lack of forms of inflection).
2. The ability to be used as a function of a circumstance (mode of action, time, condition, reason), adjoining the predicate verb: while inspecting, I drove around and went around, quickly drove around, drove around on horseback. However, the verbal participle can also act as a secondary predicate: The coachman walked around, having nothing to do, straightening the harness (A. Pushkin); compare: the coachman walked around and, having nothing to do, he was straightening the harness.

The gerunds do not have a tense category, but they acquire a certain temporal meaning in the sentence. They denote time not in relation to the moment of speech, but in relation to the moment of committing another action, expressed by the predicate verb (relative tense). The gerunds of the imperfect form denote the simultaneity of action, i.e. show that the actions of the participle and the verb are predicate coincide in time: Sitting in the park, I read the newspaper. Perfective gerunds denote non-simultaneity of actions: the action occurs either earlier or later than the action indicated by the verb. For example, in the sentence I am already getting sick in the summer, having barely recovered from winter (M. Tsvetaeva), the participle acquires the meaning of precedence: first the poetess recovered, then she fell ill. In the sentence, He hastily undressed and went to bed, wrapped in a blanket (M. Gorky), the participle acquires the meaning of following. In this example, the perfect adverbial participle, adjacent to and standing behind the perfect past tense verb, means an action subsequent, which is an organic consequence of the main action.